The project was able to support significant learning for the participants and practitioners regarding pro-poor PPPs. At the start of the project, practitioners did not have a strong understanding of pro-poor PPPs and how to operationalise them. The main project sponsor also had limited experience in the waste and recycling sector. The structure of possible PPP arrangements in separation and recycling were designed in the three pilot areas incrementally over the course of the project. This is probably the main weakness of the project, namely that there was not a sufficiently clear idea of what workable PPP arrangements could be put in place from earlier on in the project. This had several consequences, including: A private company was chosen to take part without competitive tendering; the collection system was based on volunteers; the pilot PPP schemes were not connected to wider solid waste collection systems; it was unclear what the financial flows would be in the longer term; etc. In general, the project could have spent more time earlier on understanding the waste collection and recycling industries before designing a PPP intervention.