The dataset of all secondary schools in England was used as a starting point. The following were excluded from the dataset:
• Independent schools
• Special schools
• Schools with missing data (the minimum requirement was three years before and two years after reopening)
• Schools that had not undergone construction works
• Schools that had been subjected to refurbishment only
This produced a dataset of 89 schools (57 PFI and 32 conventional) and 81 schools (52 PFI and 29 conventional) for the student attainment and motivation tests respectively.