The response to the crisis has not rested with individual governments acting alone; there have also been regional and multilateral responses. For example, in 2009, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) established an Infrastructure Debt Crisis Fund for public-private partnership (PPP) projects (see Case in Point 1: IFC Infrastructure Crisis Facility).
In Europe, the European Investment Bank (EIB) instituted a €6 billion increase in funding of energy, carbon capture, infrastructure, and clean transport projects for each of the years 2009 and 2010.1 The EIB was also behind the September 2009 launch of the Marguerite Fund,2 which aims to raise €1.5 billion to invest in environmental, energy, and transport infrastructures. Cornerstone investors in this Fund are the French Caisse des Dépôts (CDC), Italy's Cassa Depositi e Prestiti (CDP), the KfW Bankengruppe (KfW) of Germany, and the EIB.