(1) Any toll that may be charged in relation to the use by a vehicle of a concession highway may, unless the toll has been paid in accordance with subsection (3),
(a) if a toll reader detects a toll device in or on the vehicle and there is, in relation to that toll device, an account or other payment mechanism established with the concessionaire or the billing organization that is either in good standing or in which there are sufficient funds to pay the required toll, be deducted from that account or charged in accordance with that other payment mechanism,
(b) subject to paragraph (c), if a toll reader for the concession highway detects a toll device in or on the vehicle that is not one referred to in paragraph (a), be invoiced to the person to whom the toll device was issued, or if the vehicle is a classified vehicle, be charged in accordance with the regulations,
(c) if a toll reader for the concession highway detects, in or on the vehicle, a toll device that is of a type applicable to, or is coded or programmed for, a vehicle of a certain class and the vehicle in or on which the toll device is detected does not belong to that class, be invoiced to the person to whom the number plate on the vehicle was issued, or if the vehicle is a classified vehicle, be charged in accordance with the regulations, or
(d) if a toll reader for the concession highway does not detect a toll device in or on the vehicle,
(i) if there is, in relation to that vehicle, an account established with the concessionaire or the billing organization in which there are sufficient funds to pay the required toll, be deducted from that account,
(ii) if there is, in relation to that vehicle, a payment mechanism established with the concessionaire or the billing organization that is in good standing or in which there are sufficient funds to pay the required toll, be charged or debited in accordance with the payment mechanism, or
(iii) in any other case, be invoiced to the person to whom the number plate on the vehicle was issued, or if the vehicle is a classified vehicle, be charged in accordance with the regulations,
(2) If an invoice for a toll is issued by the concessionaire or the billing organization to a person to whom an invoice for the toll may be issued under subsection (1) (b), (c) or (d) (iii), or is charged in respect of a classified vehicle in accordance with the regulations, that person or the operator or owner of the classified vehicle is indebted to the concessionaire or billing organization, as the case may be, for the toll, and any interest or other charges payable in relation to it, unless
(a) the person, operator or owner disputes liability in accordance with the dispute resolution procedure referred to in section 20 and the concessionaire or billing organization, as the case may be, does not provide notice, in the time and manner required by that procedure, of their disagreement with the dispute, or
(b) the person, operator or owner appeals a demand in accordance with the appeal procedure referred to in section 21 and is found by the arbitrator to have no liability for the toll.
(3) Unless the concession agreement provides otherwise, the concessionaire may provide, or, if required to do so under the concession agreement, must provide, for payment of a toll by an occupant of a vehicle at the time of the vehicle's use of the concession highway.