5.5.1. Beyond the Netherlands and the other countries mentioned above, it does not appear that there is a clear way forward for an early continuation of the development of a € PPP bond market. Prior to the financial crisis, de-velopment had been slow and several of the countries with the largest PPP programmes had seen no project close other than with bank debt financing. The tightening of the bank market should provide an impetus to the development of alternative executions but structurally certain conditions need to be in place, not least of which is a substantial pool of long-term capital, which, in countries that have had successful infrastructure bond markets (including those beyond Europe), has come from private pension schemes. These still do not form a significant part of the financial landscape in many European countries and the question arises as to whether those countries that do have significant pools of € capital from their domestic pension schemes can and/or are willing to support other countries PPP programmes throughout the Eurozone.