1 For a summary, see: Mahmood Iqbal, Foreign Direct Investment: Decisions, Determinants, and the Role of Taxation-A Survey,Publication 527-04 (Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada, January 2004), Chapter 4.
2 This taxonomy draws from Padma Mallampally and Karl Sauvant, "Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries," Finance and Development 36, 1 (March 1999).
3 "The [international] relocation of business processes-such as data processing, research and development, product design, accounting and personnel services-has gained greater usage among businesses seeking to contain costs and minimize risk through multi-country strategies." A.T. Kearney, FDI Confidence Index 6 (September 2003), p. 5.
4 In the seven-year period before the FTA was signed (1982 - 88), foreign direct investment into Canada from outside North America averaged 9.6 per cent of the total. In a similar period since NAFTA (1994 - 2000), FDI from outside North America declined to 6.9 per cent of the total inflow. Estimates by the author, unpublished, 2004.
5 A study done for the newsprint industry established the significance of the exchange rate in keeping the Canadian industry competitive in the global marketplace; an exchange rate above $0.75 U.S. is a clear disadvantage. Mahmood Iqbal, A Comparison of Corporate Tax Burden of the Newsprint Industry (Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada, September 2002), p. 12.
6 Someshwar Rao, Jianmin Tang and Weimin Wang, "Canada's Recent Productivity Record and Capital Accumulation, "International Productivity Monitor (Fall 2003).
7 Ibid., p. 27.
8 See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Education at a Glance: Indicators 2002 (Paris: OECD, 2002).
9 See the forthcoming Conference Board of Canada report Assessing Canada's Innovation Performance.