This study examined the project management and construction phases of infrastructure programs, i.e. capital expenditure (capex), and defined procurement efficiency in terms of time and cost dimensions as follows:
• Normalised time - was measured as the percentage change in the time taken to achieve the next milestone in a stage compared with the timing anticipated at the beginning of that stage. It is expressed as a percentage, where a positive percentage indicates a time over-run relative to normalised expectations, and a negative percentage indicates completion ahead of time.
• Normalised cost - was measured as the percentage change in the cost incurred at the next milestone in a stage compared with the cost anticipated at the beginning of that stage. It is expressed as a percentage, where a positive percentage indicates a cost over-run (over-budget) relative to normalised expectations, and a negative percentage indicates completion of the stage under budget.