We also present charts that plot the range of time and cost biases during Stage 3 for Traditional and PPP projects. The most striking features of these charts are:
• The growing absolute cost and time over-run gaps that emerge (relative to PPPs) as Traditional projects increase in size; and
• The wider dispersion of outcomes for Traditional projects, particularly in the direction of cost and time overruns.
These charts graphically illustrate the greater commercial certainty associated with PPP procurement relative to Traditional procurement, particularly for larger projects.