Only one project appeared to have higher costs than the public procurement alternative, and that was probably due to a lack of competition, rather than complexity. Conversely, on two other projects, a trunk road project and a road infrastructure project, the availability of the PPP option meant that bidding took place against a depressed construction market, producing very tight pricing. The use of standardised contracts, etc., should bring down the "complexity cost" but, even now, there is probably no substantial cost disadvantage to the use of PPPs in the real world. The evaluation supports the premise that, ex-post, PPPs are more likely to be on-time and on-budget.