Examples, all signed in recent years, include:
■ Power (managed by TfL) - under a 30 year, £1.2 billion PFI contract signed in August 1998, SEEBOARD Powerlink is managing, maintaining, developing and financing London Underground's power supply system. Power requirements are now met entirely from the National Grid. Proceeds of up to £67 million from the sale of the Lots Road power station, which previously provided power for London Underground, provide revenue to cover most of the new expenditures.
■ Northern Line trains (managed by Tube Lines) - a 20 year contract signed in April 1995, worth £1.1 billion with Alstom for the delivery of a new fleet of Northern Line trains.
■ Ticketing - a 17 year, £1.1 billion contract with Prestige, signed in August 1998, to provide and maintain a new ticketing system for both the London Underground and other London transport services.
■ Policing (managed by TfL) - a 23 year contract signed in March 1999, worth £50 million, for the construction of new police station facilities for British Transport Police and for related support services (relevant just to Infraco JNP).
■ Communications (managed by TfL) - a 20 year contract with Connect, signed in November 1999 and worth £1.2 billion, to provide an integrated radio and communications service across the whole of the Tube, including interfaces with emergency services.
Where LUL has retained risk in these deals, should the risks materialise there are potential knock-on effects on what funds are available to bring about any new changes to the Tube PPPs. There is also a significant interface risk, for example, where improvements under the PPP are tied to power upgrades that are to be undertaken by PFI contractors, or where the PFI contractors need to agree the upgrades.