1. See the Federal Highway Administration web page, http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ppp/ legislation.htm for links to state PPP legislation.
2. Ibid., 2.
3. Federal Highway Administration, Partnerships in Transportation Workshops Final Report (Washington, D.C.: FHWA, June 17, 2005), 17, http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ppp/ 061705wkshp.htm.
4. FHWA, Report to Congress on Public-Private Partnerships, 3.
5. Ibid., 22.
6. Ibid. The FHWA Report to Congress on Public-Private Partnerships gives an extensive background and history of several public-private partnerships that have resulted in completed projects.
7. Ibid.
8. Karen Hedlund, "FHWA Initiates SEP-15 To Promote Public-Private Partnerships and Other Innovations in Project Development and Finance," Nossaman Infrastructure E-Alert Bulletin (Los Angeles, Calif.: Nossaman Guthner Knox & Elliott LLP, Oct. 18, 2004).
9. Reese, Moving Forward with Public-Private Partnerships.
10. Ibid.
11. Summarized from FHWA Report to Congress on Public-Private Partnerships, 76.
12. Ben Wear, "Central Texans get testy at toll hearing," Austin American Statesman, Nov. 11, 2004.
13. Ben Wear, "County, state to agree on 'shadow tolls," Austin American Statesman, Oct. 27, 2005. Williamson County would front money for six road projects, then be paid back by the state, based on traffic on the roads.
14. This section deals exclusively with bonding for highway projects, since it accounts for the vast majority of financed projects as compared to transit. Also, good numbers on bond financing for highways are available in the Federal Highway Administration Highway Finance Series (Washington, D.C.: FHWA, various years); found at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm.
15. Federal Highway Administration, Highway Finance Series for 1998 and Highway Finance Series for 2003. (Washington, D.C.: FHWA, various years); found at www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm.
1 6 . James B. London, et al., Transportation Funding Options for the State of South Carolina, 2003-2022 (Clemson, S.C.: Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University, October 2003), 18; found at http://www.scfuture.clemson.edu/today&tomorrow/trans-portation/ SCDOT3.pdf#search='transportation%20funding%20options%20south%20carolina'.
17. Barry Massey, "GRIP project short of money," New Mexican, Dec. 1, 2005.
18. Federal Highway Administration, Highway Finance Series 1998 and Highway Finance Series 2003.
19. Ibid.
20. Tom Hester, Jr., "N.J. scrambles to assure transportation funding," The Times of Trenton, Sept. 9, 2005.
21. David W. Chen, "Official Sees New Jersey on Verge of a 'Transportation Meltdown,'" The New York Times, July 12, 2005.
22. Federal Highway Administration, Highway Finance Series 2003, Table SF-3B.
23. Federal Highway Administration, Highway Finance Series for 1998 and Highway Finance Series for 2003.
24. See Table 7 in this report.
25. Sunny Mays Schust, "FHWA Seeking State and Local Agencies to Participate in Value Pricing Pilot," AASHTO Journal (Washington, D.C.: American Association of State High-way and Transportation Officials, March 17, 2006): 6.
26. Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies, The Fuel Tax and Alternatives for Transportation Funding, Special Report 285 (Washington, D.C.: TRB, December 2005), S-3; found at http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr285.pdf.
27. Jack Basso, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, "Critical Issues in Transportation," presentation to National Conference of State Legislatures, Chicago, Illinois, December 2005; found at http://www.ncsl.org/slides/transportation/basso1205_jpg_files/frame.htm.
28. C. Kenneth Orski, "Highway Tolling Has Reached the Tipping Point," Innovation Briefs 17, no. 2 (March/April 2006).
29. TRB, The Fuel Ta x and Alternatives for Transportation Funding, S-3.
30. Cambridge Systematics, Executive Summary: Future Highway and Public Transportation Financing-Study Release Event (Washington, D.C.: National Chamber Foundation, 2005), i-xii.
31. Ibid., ix.
32. Ibid., x.
33. See Oregon Department of Transportation, Oregon's Mileage Fee Concept and Road User Fee Pilot Program (Eugene, Ore.: ODOT, June 2005); found at http://HYPERLINK "http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/OIPP/docs/2005"www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/OIPP/docs/2005 LegislativeReport.pdf.
34. Ibid., 1.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., 21.
38. Ibid., 43.
39. Ibid., 27.
40. Oregon Department of Transportation, Oregon Road User Task Force, Frequently Asked Questions (Eugene, Ore.: ODOT, June 2005). Found at http://www.oregon.gov/ ODOT/HWY/OIPP/ruftf_faq.shtml #characteristics.
41. London, et al., State Transportation Funding Trends, 49-51.