1 Grahame Allen, "The Private Finance Initiative (PFI)," Research Paper, Economic Policy and Statistics Section, House of Common Library, December 2001, (http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/ rp2001/rp01-117.pdf).
2 World Bank Infrastructure Governance Roundtable, UK, PPP Forum (www.worldbank.org/.../presentations/UK%20- %20PPP%20Beazley%20Long%20-%20On-YeeTai%20PRESENTATION.ppt).
3 From an average of 2.8 percent between 1958 and 1969, to 1.4 percent between 1970 and 1986. See Robert Rider, "Maintaining Wisconsin's Competitiveness-Corridors 2020," Central Wisconsin Economic Research Bureau, 1st Quarter 1991 (http://www.uwsp.edu/business/CWERB/1stQtr91/SpecialReportQtr1_91.htm).
4 "Infrastructure Renewal in Canada," Mississuaga Board of Trade, Approved by the Canadian Chamber of Commerce at the 75th Annual General Meeting on October 30, 2000 (http://www.mbot.com/news/articles.aspx?id=4).
5 The needs of the roads sector are $94 billion annually, but only $59 billion is now being invested each year.
6 OECD Statistics-Annual National Accounts, Italy (http://www.oecd.org/topicstatsportal/0,2647,en_2825_495684_1_1_1_1_1,00.html#50023)
7 (http://waterboy.wordpress.com/2005/11/). Canada's urban transit needs will cost at least $23 billion over the next few years. Investment needs for urban roads and bridges are $66 billion over 10 years. As far back as 1998, the Council of Ministers of Transportation estimated that investment needs on the National Highway System were over $17 billion. Since that time, the NHS has been extended and costs have increased. Using preliminary estimates, provinces and territories have identified the need for approximately $97 billion in capital investment in transportation priorities over the next 10 years. In the country as a whole, The Canadian Council of Public Private Partnership (CCPPP) projects the infrastructure deficit to increase to $1 trillion in 60 years if the current levels of underinvestment in infrastructure are allowed to continue.
8 European Commission, "The Green Paper Energy," Directorate General for Energy and Transport, accessed on April 7, 2006 (http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/green-paper-energy/index_en.htm).
9 Jack Welch, "Public-Private Partnerships in Germany: German Budget Deficits Present Investment Opportunities," Infrastructure Journal, Spring 2006 (http://www.ijonline.com/pdf/2006springIJ/10PPPsinGermany.pdf).
10 4.0 percent for investment and 2.2 percent for maintenance.
11 Tito Yepes, "Expenditure on Infrastructure in East Asia Region, 2006-2010," paper commissioned for the ADB-JBIC-World Bank East Asia Pacific Infrastructure Flagship Study, 2005 (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPINFRASTRUCT/Resources/855084-1137106254308/ResourceRequirements.pdf).
12 "India: Who Wants to Build Some Roads?," Business Week Online, September 5, 2005 (http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_36/b3949144_mz035.htm).
13 Dr. Manmohan Singh, "Enterprise to Reduce Poverty," Global Agenda, Economics & Finance, 2006 (http://www.globalagendamagazine.com/pdfs/2006/articles/Singh.pdf).
14 Budget Speech 2005-06, Speech of P. Chidambaram, Minister of Finance, February 28, 2005 (http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2005-06/bs/speecha.htm).
15 "Building the Nation [Infrastructure]," Australian Institute of Company Directors, October 2004 (http://www.companydirectors.com.au/Media/Company+Director+journal/2004/October/
Building+the+nation+Infrastructure.htm).
16 "Meeting New Zealand's Infrastructure Needs: A Partnership between the Public and Private Sectors," presented to Property Council of New Zealand, by Hon. Jim McLay CNZM at Rotorua Conference, September 2, 2004.
17 Allen, "The Private Finance Initiative (PFI)."
18 World Bank Infrastructure Governance Roundtable.
19 With the increased PPP activity, a rapidly growing private market in infrastructure provision has developed. Rapidly expanding multinational firms with billions in annual revenues and specializing in roads, water, prisons, schools, and other infrastructure areas are bringing innovation, best practices, and capital to bear across the world.
20 "Private Sector to Play Significant Role in Indian Infrastructure: Assocham," Projects Today, July 7, 2006 (http://www.projectstoday.com/newsr.asp?newsid=15667).
21 "PFI Pipeline Grows," Project Finance International, March 22, 2006.
22 "Report to Congress on Public Private Partnerships," US Department of Transportation, December 2004, Chapter 3, p. 51 (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/pppdec2004/pppdec2004.pdf).
23 Allison Padova, "Federal Commercialization in Canada," Parliamentary Research and Research Services, Library of Parliament, December 20, 2005 (http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0545e.html).
24 "PFI:Construction Performance," National Audit Office, 2003. Note: Previous experience based on 1999 government survey. PFI experience is based on NAO survey of 37 projects.
25 Allen, "The Private Finance Initiative (PFI)."
26 U.S. Department of Transportation, "Report to Congress on Public Private Partnerships," December 2004, Chapter 3, p. 44 (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/pppdec2004/pppdec2004.pdf).
27 Peter Fitzgerald, Review of Partnerships Victoria Provided Infrastructure, January 2004 (http://www.gsg.com.au/pdf/PPPReview.pdf).
28 Dennis O' Neill and Raphael Arndt, "Australia at a Crossroads: Public Private Partnership or Perish?" The Australian Council for Infrastructure Development, 2001 (www.auscid.org.au/home2/downloadproc.php?id=14).
29 Durbin Associates, "A Study of Innovations in the Funding and Delivery of Transportation Infrastructure Using Tolls," November 14, 2005.
30 "PFI: Meeting the Investment Challenge," HM Treasury, July 2003 (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media//648B2/PFI_604a.pdf).
31 CityLink Melbourne Limited, (http://www.citylink.com.au/).
32 Stephen Goldsmith and William D. Eggers, Governing by Network: The New Shape of the Public Sector, Washington, DC: Brookings Press, 2004, p.57.
33 Traditionally PPP/PFI schemes in the United Kingdom have been used on much narrower schemes. This is the first time a PFI is being used to provide a whole range of services, which are bundled together in the project. Services range from civil engineering tasks, such as strengthening bridges and researching roads, to controlling closed circuit traffic video cameras and managing traffic.
34 Goldsmith and Eggers, Governing by Network, Chapter 5.
35 Ibid., p.107.
36 "PFI: meeting the investment challenge," UK - HM Treasury.<Need more, maybe a website?> July 2003 (www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/648B2/PFI_604.pdf).
37 "A National Approach to PPPs, The Importance of Creating a 'Single Market' Appearance to Gain Global Attention: Australia's Experience," Speech by the Hon. John Brumby at 13th Annual Conference on Public-Private Partnerships, November 28, 2005 (http://www.pppcouncil.ca/pdf/brumby_p32005.pdf).
38 John F. Williams, "Development Partnerships: Sharing Risk and Rewards on Publicly Sponsored Projects," NCPPP paper, June 2005 (http://ncppp.org/resources/papers/development_williams.pdf).
39 Andrea Carpenter and others, "Ten Principles for Creating Value from Local Government Property," Urban Land Institute, sponsored by Deloitte, 2006.
40 "Innovations in Defence Procurement: Lessons Learnt from Four Recent Projects," UK Deloitte Research (internal publication), 2006.
41 Doyin Abiola et al, "Solutions to International Challenges in PPP Model Selection: A Cross-sectoral Analysis," paper prepared for Deloitte Research and the London School of Economics, March 13, 2006.
42 "Pipeline of PPP Projects," National PPP Forum, Partnerships Victoria, 2005. (http://www.partnerships.vic.gov.au/CA25708500035EB6/WebObj/PipelineofprojectsOct28/$File/Pipeline per cent20of per cent20projects per cent20Oct per cent2028.doc).
43 Cynthia Graber, "Spain: Leader in Infrastructure Development," Technology Review, June 30, 2006 (http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/toll/).
44 PPP financing is expected to break down this way: port ($26 billion), rail ($ 27.6 billion), road ($20 billion), and airport ($19 billion) sectors.
45 The largest is the Milano to Brescia motorway ($ 1.25 billion). Luigi de Pierris and Monica Foschi, "Italian PPPs: An Update," Infrastructure Journal, (http://www.utfp.it/docs/articoli/IJ_Italian_Final.pdf). The Italian government has a dedicated PPP unit, the Unitˆ Tecnica Finanza di Progetto (UFP), to meet the challenges of public sector investment, identify projects suitable for private sector involvement and provide specialist advice on PPPs.
46 Nationwide, PPPs have accounted for more than one-quarter of the total user-backed private investment in U.S. highways (nearly $13 billion of the total $49 billion). See Bryan Grote, "Understanding Contemporary Public-Private Highway Transactions: The Future of Infrastructure Finance?" Testimony to Highways, Transit and Pipelines Subcommittee , Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, U.S. House of Representatives, May 24, 2006 (http://www.house.gov/transportation/highway/06-05-24/Grote.pdf).
47 As of 2004, the estimated capital cost of water and wastewater PPP projects in New South Wales and Victoria totaled $131.5 million (AUD 174 million). For further details on the projects, please refer to Peter Fitzgerald, "Review of Partnerships Victoria Provided Infrastructure: Final Report to the Treasurer," January 2004 (http://www.gsg.com.au/pdf/PPPReview.pdf) and "NSW Waste Service: Summary of Contracts,"Office of Financial Management, New South Wales Treasury, September 2003 (http://www.treasury.nsw.gov.au/wwg/pdf/awt_contract_summ.pdf).
48 Elizabeth Brubaker, "Revisiting Water and Wastewater Utility Privatization," paper prepared for the Government of Ontario Panel on the Role of Government and presented at "Public Goals, Private Means" Research Colloquium Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, October 2003 (http://www.environmentprobe.org/enviroprobe/pubs/ev561.pdf).
49 "Benefits of Water Service Public-Private Partnerships," The Canadian Council for Public Private Partnerships, March 2002.
50 Doyin Abiola et al, "Solutions to International Challenges in PPP Model Selection: A Cross-sectoral Analysis," March 2006.
51 "The DLA Piper Vienna European PPP Roundtable 2005," DLA Piper, Rudnik, Gray, Cary (http"//www.dlapiper.com).
52 Norman La Roque, "Contracting the Delivery of Education Services: A Typology and International Examples," New Zealand Business Roundtable, 2005.
53 Jim Meek, "Schools' Out," Summit 4(1), March 2001 (http://www.summitmagazine.com/Articles_Columns/Summit_Articles/2001/0301/0301_Schools_out.htm).
54 "The Private Finance Initiative: A Briefing," Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, September 2002 (http://www.accaglobal.com/doc/publicsector/ps_doc_001.pdf).
55 e-privatisation.com-the Virtual Exposition on Privatization, "Privatization of 31 Hospitals Launched Under PPP Scheme--20 Billion Euros Program Estimated" (http://www.e-privatization.com/privatization.php).
56 Revista Portuguesa de Saœde Pœblica [tematic] number, 2004 (http://www.ensp.unl.pt/act_editorial_t_2004_ingles.shtm#1).
57 Doyin Abiola et al, "Solutions to International Challenges in PPP Model Selection: A Cross-sectoral Analysis," paper prepared for Deloitte Research and the London School of Economics, March 13, 2006.
58 Peter Nijkamp , Marc Van Der Burch and Gabriella Vindigni, "A Comparative Institutional Evaluation of Public Private Partnerships in Dutch Urban Land-use and Revitalisation Projects," Urban Studies 39 (10, 2002), pp. 1865-80.
59 D. Schuiling, "Key Projects for Urban Regeneration: the Dutch Experience," Planning, Practice, and Research 11 (3, 1996), pp. 279-90.
60 This sector accounted for 8.7 percent of all the signed PPP deals in 2005. See "PFI in the UK- April 2006," IFSL Research Section, International Financial Services, London, (http://www.ifsl.org.uk/research/index.html).
61 Assets and civil MoD personnel still belong to MoD and are provided on a cost-free basis to HIL GmbH. Cost savings are shared between the private firm and the MoD.
62 "Prison Privatisation in South Africa: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities," Monograph No 64, September 2001. (http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/MONOGRAPHS/NO64/Chap4.html)
63 "The Private Stake in the UK's Prison," BBC News, (http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2001/prison_ppp/default.stm).
64 Confederation of British Industry, "Competition: A Catalyst for Change in Prison Service," July 2003 (http://www.chi.org.uk/pdf/prisonsupport.pdf).
65 Goldsmith and Eggers, Governing by Network, chapter 4.
66 PPP Forum (http://www.pppforum.com/faq.html#faqs).
67 Allen, "The Private Finance Initiative (PFI)."
68 CGF Technical Note (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/548/7D/CGF_technicalnote1.pdf).
69 Taylor Wessing, "PFI and PPP Projects Update," September 2004.
70 "PFI: meeting the investment challenge," July 2003.
71 Caroline Low, Daniel Hulls and Alan Rennison, "Public Private Partnerships in Scotland: Evaluation of Performance Final Report 2005," Cambridge Economic Policy Associates Ltd, May 13, 2005 (http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/05/05153704/37067).
72 Fitzgerald, "Review of Partnerships Victoria Provided Infrastructure."
73 Tom Startup, "Building Flexibility: New Models for Public Infrastructure Projects," Deloitte Research, UK, March 2006.
74 "Focus Infrastructure," Allens Arthur Robinson, September 2003 (http://www.aar.com.au/pubs/pdf/infra/foinfsep03.pdf).
75 Allen, "The Private Finance Initiative (PFI)."
76 Abiola, Cai, Froehlich, Han and Huynh "Solutions to International Challenges in PPP Model Selection: A Cross-sectoral Analysis," (For Deloitte Research, UK), March 2006.
77 Ibid.