1 Adapted from Batley, 1997, quoting Stoker, 1996, pp10-11.
2 These include holism, flexibility, subsidiarity, particularity, fiscal transparency and control, coherence, participation and competitiveness. This section draws heavily on the work of Batley, 1997 and Neilson, 2000.
3 There is, however, a tendency to group network services such as telecommunications and electricity. As these are not all municipal functions (with the exception of water supply), there is only limited opportunity for municipal officials to gain a more comprehensive picture or understanding of the complexities of urban management.