1 Davey, 1993.
2 In certain parts of the world, such as South Asia, laws that ensure that councils are more representative of their constituency may determine the composition of the elected body. In India, the reservation of seats for women and marginalised groups has fundamentally changed the nature of local council representation. It is not uncommon for relatively poor and uneducated but highly motivated women to be elected to council. While they may lack formal education and technical or business competence, such councillors often bring a social awareness previously lacking in the male-dominated elite.
3 Evidence also suggests that in some (but not all) cases, the capacity of smaller municipalities is affected by their distance from national-level policy-makers.
4 See Chapter 7 on the role of donors in partnerships.
5 World Bank, 1997; Cointreau-Levine, 2000.
6 In a partnership involving the formal private sector, it is likely that monitoring and evaluation will be undertaken at various levels. It is likely that large-scale service providers will carry out an internal process of self-monitoring. In South Africa, for instance, WSSA has adopted its own technical performance standards. Each project is monitored internally and collated every reporting period. In the absence of any regular monitoring by the council, this self-monitoring is a critical means of ensuring that performance standards are met.
7 Plummer, 2000, p51.
8 See, for instance, Schaeffer, 2000. This urban and local government World Bank toolkit provides a straightforward and very useful outline of municipal finance.
9 See discussion on municipal attitudes and 'the poverty layer' in Plummer, 2000, p113.