accountability, partnership principles 219-21 administrative context, municipalities 283-5 advisors, water privatisation 158 affermage contracts 68, 184, 192, 193-5, 224 affordability of services 138-42, 247-9 Aguas Argentinas 22, 25, 92, 128 community cooperation 228 financing of 154, 168 sub-contract 208 Aguas Cordobesas, Argentina 98, 196, 246 Aguas de Barcelona (AGBAR) 154, 156, 182 Aguas de Cartagena (AGUACAR) 140-1, 156, 182 aguateros water merchants, Paraguay 150-1, 152 Amanz' Abantu Services 120 Americorp Environmental Services 80,216 Anglian Water 76, 154 appropriate technologies, for service improvements 133-5 Aqua Gold 68 Argentina Aguas Argentinas 22, 25, 92, 128, 154, 168, 208, 228 Aguas Cordobesas 98, 196, 246 Barrio Estación Flores 98 Barrio Quebracho 98 Barrio San Ignacio 98 Barrio San Jorge 58, 92, 130-1 154, 168, 208, 228 community collaborations 98, 228 Córdoba 98, 196, 234, 246 Ente Regulador de Servicios Publicos (ERSEP) 246 Ente Tripartito de Obras Y Servicios Sanitarios (ETOSS) 168 financing concessions 154 integrated poverty responses 58 land tenure 130-1 NGOs 92, 208 political will 234 private sector-community cooperation 228 regulatory bodies 254 regulatory framework 246 NGOs 209, 210 Water and sanitation services 81 Construction process, consumer role 101 Consultants Partnership role 111 – 13 South Africa 110, 203 Understanding of 271 Zimbabwe 276 Consulation, definition 6 Consumer rights 27, 237 Consumers disaggregating 94 engaging with 270 role of 97 – 103 Contestability, partnership principles 219 Contracts build – operate – transfer (BOT) 184, 201 – 2 concessions 197- 201 enforcement 203 – 4 franchises 195 – 7 leases and affermage contracts 193- 5 management contracts 184, 189-93 Management and supervision of 267, 295 negotiations 267 NGOs 205 – 11 Operators and investors 202 private sector 187 – 204 procurement 214, 239 – 4 renegotiations 268 risk management 226 service contracts 184, 187 – 9 small – scale and independent providers 204 transaction costs 202 – 3 types 179, 184 CORPOSANA, Paraguay 150 – 1 corruption 215 cost recovery connection fees 169 – 71 consumer participation 101 and multinational private operators 79 NGOs 95 partnership arrangements 165 – 74, 303 subsidies 171 – 4 tariffs 165 – 9,170 costs private sector participation (PSP) 29, 31 reduction 135, 138 Dar – es – Salaam Sewerage and Sanitation Department (DSSD), Tanzania 252 interdependency, of communities 133, 136 international companies, municipal service provision 75–9, 112 international donors, partnership role 107–11 International Finance Corporation (IFC) 154, 158 International Institute for Environment and Development – America Latina (IIED-AL) 25, 92, 130–1, 208 International Labour Organization (ILO) 316 investors financial incentives 159–65 private 152–9 public capital 157 joint ventures 180, 182, 185 Jowam consortium, South Africa 214 labour relations South Africa 102 see also trade unions land tenure, and service expansion 129–33 Laos community interpendence 136 urban poverty experiences 50 Vientiane 50, 136 leadership, municipal 281–9 lease contracts 184, 193–5 legislation, private sector participation (PSP) 238, 245 legitimacy and legality, partnership principles 221 Lesotho skills transfer 175 technical assistance 186 Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) of Lesotho 175, 186 localisation, municipal service delivery 21 low-income communities diversity of 55–7 see also poor macro-economic trends 241 Malani Padayachi and Associates, South Africa 110 management, municipal 281–9 management capacity 285–9 management contracts 184, 189–93 awareness building 93 capacity building 93 characteristics 89–91, 112 community interface 93 and consortia 209, 210 contractural arrangements 205–11 engaging with 270 international 91 local 91 in partnerships 24, 88, 89–97 payment to 163–5 project formulation and development 91 non-poor, as consumers 97, 99 Ondeo-Lyonnaise des Eaux 22, 75, 76, 78, 154, 196 organisational arrangements, framework 180, 181–7 organisational development municipal attitudes 304–7 municipal finance 301–4 municipal leadership and management 281–9 municipal structures 299–301 municipal systems and procedures 289–97 organisations, capacity building 175–7 Palmer Development Group 110 Paniza, Guillermo 156 Paraguay aguateros water merchants 150–1, 152 CORPOSANA 150–1 participation, definition 6 participatory approach, service delivery 53 participatory poverty assessment (PPA), Vientiane, Laos 136 partnering, process of 119–22 partnership arrangements cost recovery 164, 165–74, 303 financial and economic aspects 126, 152–74, 263–7, 301–4 institutional aspects 126, 174–7 key elements 126 physical/environmental aspects 125–38 private investment capital 152–65 service coverage 125–33 service options 132–5 service quality 135–7 social/political aspects 126, 137–52 partnership framework 290–3 economic context 239–41 employees 103–7 external agents 107–13 framework for action 309–13 impacts on municipal structures 300 implementation 293–7 maintaining 267–8 municipal government role 67–73, 112 municipal model 180, 181 NGOs 89–97, 112 organisational models 180–1 partnering process 119–22 partnership framework 290–3 policy framework 241–3, 256 political context 233–9, 256 poverty-focused 49–59, 61–3 poverty reduction impacts 47–9 priorities 123 private sector role 73–89 regulatory framework 245–55, 256, 263 relationships between partners 116–19 service delivery 28 skills development 278 strategic planning 43–5, 265 sustainable livelihoods approach 59–60 see also municipal service partnerships; partnership arrangements; partnership principles Public–Private Partnerships for the Urban Environment (PPPUE) 109, 315 quality, of service 135–7, 249 reform process, municipal government 33–7 regulatory bodies 253–5 regulatory capture 250 regulatory framework limitations of 263 public–private partnerships (PPPs) 245–55, 256 renegotiations, contracts 268, 297 risk and multinational private operators 79 private investments 153 risk management partnership principle 226, 227 strategic understanding 264–5 Sanitation and Potable Water Company of Lima (SEDAPAL) 82 sanitation services Greater Nelspruit Utility Company (GNUC) 100 Igoli 2002 40, 110, 190, 218 institutional and social development (ISD) 88 integrated development planning (IDP) 38, 39 Johannesburg 40, 110, 190, 203, 214, 218 Jowam consortium 214 KwaZulu-Natal Project 122 labour relations 102 local political leadership 284 management constraints 282 management contract 190 Municipal Infrastructure Investment Framework (MIIF) 236, 242, 248 Municipal Infrastructure Investment Plan (MIIP) 38 Municipal Infrastructure Investment Unit (MIIU) 111, 236, 237, 316 municipal role 68, 116 municipal service partnerships 242 Mvula Trust 24, 88, 90, 93, 120, 122, 210 national support structures 236 Nelspruit 100, 102, 184, 237, 284 participation and public awareness 218 partnerships 120, 122 policy framework 242 political will 234 price regulation 248 procurement procedures 214, 292 Queenstown 184, 198 SIVUKILE 100 solid waste micro-enterprise 84 Stutterheim 68, 116, 166, 184, 192, 224, 260–1, 265, 268, 282 tariff structure 166 trade unions 102, 218, 237 Water and Sanitation Services South Africa (WSSA) 68, 198, 224 White Paper on Local Government (WPLG) 38 South African Local Government Association (SALGA) 102 South African Municipal Workers Union (SAMWU) 102, 218 specialists, role of 271 specificity, partnership principle 227–9 staffing policy and practice 277–9 stakeholders Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) of Lesotho 175, 186 WaterAid 91 willingness-to-pay, water services 139 women see gender issues workforce fair treatment of 148–52 informal sector 152 partnership role 103–7 World Bank | service coverage 127, 128 tariffs and fees 168 water concession 196, 228 Azurix 76 Banco de Galicia y Buenos Aires 154 banks finance providers 155 Billy Hattingh solid waste scheme, South Africa 84, 135 Biwater, South Africa 100 Bolivia cost reductions 135, 138 El Alto project 55, 101, 106, 109, 138 regulatory bodies 254 Botswana, understanding of poverty 262 build-operate-train-transfer (BoTT) decision-making 176 South Africa 24, 88, 90, 120, 163, 201, 210 build-operate-transfer (BOT) contracts 184, 201-2 water project, Turkey 200 bundling, organisational arrangements 180, 181-3 Business Partners for Development (BPD), Water and Sanitation Cluster 11 , 47, 108, 316 Community development 147 – 8 Definition 6 Municipal 9 – 10, 285 – 9 NGOs 93 Organizational 175 – 7 Poverty reduction strategy 53 – 4, 61 Purpose of 4 Sill requirements 260 – 1, 271 Strategy 271 – 5 Chile regulatory bodies 254 targeted subsidies 172 civil society attributes 112 consumers 97 – 103 employees 103 – 7 NGOs 89 – 97 role in partnership 89 clarity and predictability, partnership principle 225 collaboration 98, 228, 266, 293 Columbia Aguas de Cartagena (AGUACAR) 140 – 1, decentralization, municipal services delivery 21, 244, 245 decision – making consumer role 101 organizational structure 176 demand – led service delivery 2 – 3, 53 Department for International Development (DFID), UK 28 donors Bolivia 106 partnership role 107 – 11 poverty – focused approaches 61 downsizing 301 economic context, public - private partnership (PPPs) 239 – 41 economic and financial sustainability, partnership principle 227 El Alto project, Bolivia 55, 101, 106, 109, 138 elections, municipal government 71 employees fair treatment of 148 – 9 municipal 105 – 7, 149 role in partnerships 103 – 7 empowerment, partnership principle 229 – 30 Ente Regulador de Servicios Publicos (ERSEP), Argentina 246 Ente Tripartito de Obras Y Servivios Sanitarios (ETOSS), Argentina 168 equity, partnership principle 225 equity investors 135 European investment Bank (EIB) 196 feedback mechanisms, partnerships 267 – 8, 297 fees, for private operators 159 – 61 financial issues municipal 301 – 4 partnership arrangements 126, 152 – 74, 263 – 7 financial management and planning, skill requirements 268 financial services, access to 148 financial sustainability, partnership principle 227 fixed fees 159 formalization, impacts of 31 framework for action 309 – 13 franchises 184, 195 – 7 Meller S.A. 154 Memorandum of Understanding 295 Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewage System (MWSS), Philippines 158, 160 micro-enterprises contracts 204 solid waste management 84 monitoring of partnerships 267–8, 295–7 of performance 134 multinational companies see international companies multisectoral approach 3 municipal, definition 6 municipal attitudes, organisational development 304–7 municipal borrowing 155–7 municipal capacity building definition 6 strategic framework 9–10 municipal finance, organisational development 301–4 municipal government see municipalities Municipal Infrastructure Investment Unit (MIIU), South Africa 111, 236, 237, 316 municipal leadership, organisational development 281–9 municipal management organisational development 281–9 for partnerships 41 poverty-focused approach 61 municipal objectives framework 18 management capacity 285–9 sectoral competencies 115–16, 118 municipal service delivery see service delivery municipal service partnerships finance 301–4 leadership and management 281–9 learning curve 41–3 locating 34 management implications 41 municipal role 67–73 service coverage 125–33 skill requirements 259–75 South Africa 242 strategic planning 43–5 strategic understanding 263 structures 298–301 systems and procedures 289–97 partnership principles accountability 219–21 clarity and predictability 225 competition 215–19 contestability 219 economic and financial sustainability 227 empowerment 229–30 equity 225 legitimacy and legality 221 risk management 226, 227 specificity 227–9 stakeholder participation 223–5 transparency 213–15 payment mechanisms, for services 140–1, 142–3 performance fees 161 performance measurement indicators 134 Peru community mobilisation 96 Lima 82, 96, 135, 185 NGOs 96 Sanitation and Potable Water Company of Lima (SEDAPAL) 82 Vigilance Committee for Drinking Water (COVAAP) 82, 96 water tanker deliveries 82, 135, 185 Philippines, water privatisation 158, 160 policy framework, public–private partnerships 241–3, 256 political context, public–private partnerships 233–9, 256 political leadership, municipalities 281–3 political will, and partnerships 234, 235, 256 politics, municipal government 71 poor as consumers 97, 99 delivery to 194 empowerment of 229–30 low-income communities 55–7 perceptions of 262 poverty understanding of 262 variability and diversity of 50, 55–7 poverty-focused definition 6 public–private partnerships 61–3 service delivery 49–52 poverty reduction capacity building 53–4 demand-led approach 53 consumers 94 performance monitoring 134 regulation of 252 service contracts 189 small-scale independent providers 85, 86, 252 tariffs 166, 167 unbundling 183 see also water services SAUR UK 76, 220, 276 service contracts 184, 187–9 service coverage Buenos Aires 127, 128 partnership arrangements 125–33 service delivery affordability 138–42, 247–9 benefits of private sector involvement 23, 27 definition 6 equity and access 137–43 expansion 127–9 gender targeting 143–6 integrating 147–8 limitations of 262–3 municipal role 67–73 Northern models applied to South 49 objectives 19–21 obligations of municipality 37–41 opportunities 21–3 partnership roles 114 poverty-focused 49–52 price regulation 247–9 private sector involvement 20–31, 47–9, 73–89 problems 17–19 service options, partnership arrangements 132–5 service provision see service delivery service quality, partnership arrangements 135–7 sewerage services see sanitation services S.G. de Aguas de Barcelona 154 SILT, Nepal 80, 81, 216 SIVUKILE, South Africa 100 skills capacity building strategy 271–5 developing 275–7 financial management and planning 268 framework 272–4 legal understanding 266–7 maintaining partnerships 267–8 consultation 222 engaging with 269–71 identifying 57–9 informing 213 municipal attitudes to 304–7 participation 223–5 steering committees 175 strategic framework, municipal capacity building 9–10 strategic planning implementation of 266–7 municipal service partnerships 43–5 procedural change 289–90 understanding of 265 structural capacity, for partnerships 298 subsidies 142, 171–4 and gender 144 targeted 172, 173 Suez-Lyonnaise des Eaux see Ondeo- Lyonnaise des Eaux Superintendencia de Servicios Publicos Domiciliarios (SSP), Colombia 238 sustainable livelihoods (SL) approach 59–61 Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) 106, 109 Tanzania Dar-es-Salaam 146, 162, 252 Dar-es-Salaam Sewerage and Sanitation Department (DSSD) 252 regulating small-scale providers 252 waste collection business 162 women waste collectors 146 tariffs, cost recovery 165–9, 170 technical assistance capacity building 277 Lesotho 186 t technology transfer, partnership arrangements 175 tendering procedures 266, 292, 294 Thames Water 75, 76 trade unions consulting with 270–1 role of 105 South Africa 102, 218, 237 training, skills development 275 transaction costs, contracts 202–3 transparency partnership principles 213–15 tendering procedures 266 Turkey poverty reduction policies 47 and private sector involvement 75, 109, 156 Public–Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) 104, 109 technical assistance 186 Zimbabwe economic instability 240, 241 Gweru 42, 103, 105, 220, 222, 240, | 156, 182 Barrio Nelson Mandela 140 – 1 Cartagena 140 – 1, 156, 170, 182, 262 Comision de Regulaction de Agua Potable Y Saneamiento Basico (CRA) 238 decentralization policy 244 El Pozon 141 joint venture 182 legislation 238 Payment mechanisms for services 140 – 1 Political will 234 Private sector involvement 75, 156, 235, 238 regulatory bodies 254 superintendencia de servicios publicos Domiciliarios (SSP) 238 Understanding of poverty 262 Water and sanitation plan 238 Water tariffs 170 Comision de Regulacion de Agua potable Y Saneamiento Basico (CRA), Colombia 238 Community – based organizations (CBOs) Characteristics 99 Contracts with NGOs 209 Problems of 103 Community client arrangements 185 – 7 Community collaborations, Argentina 98, 228 Community development, capacity building 147 – 8 Compagnie interdependence 133, 136 Community mobilization, peru 96 Community organizations see community- based organizations (CBOs) community participation 2, 53, 101 147 – 8 Compagnie Generate de Eaux (Vivendi) 154 Compensation structures 159, 160 Competition, partnership principles 215 – 19 Concessions 184, 197 – 201 Argentina 196, 228 checklist 194 financing 154 condominial water networks 135 Congress of south African Trade Unions (COSATU) 102 consortia gender issue poverty reduction strategies 57 targeting service delivery 143 – 6 global economy 239 globalization, service delivery 21 grantors 155 Greater Nelspruit Utility Company (GNUC) South Africa 100 Group Five 120 guarantors 155 Haiti, community participation 101 Halcrow Group, UK 110 health and hygience activities 147 HKC Investments 110 households, vulnerability 133 human resources , skills development 259 – 79 implementation managing of 287 – 9 partnerships 293 – 7 strategic planning 266 – 7 implementation committees 177 incentive structures, and multinational private operators 79 incentives, financial 159 – 65 income generation activities 148 India Municipal corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) 72 NGO roles 270 solid waste management 72 individuals, in partnerships 116 informal service providers contracts 204 partnerships with 83 – 9 rights of 152 informal settlements, land tenure 129 – 33 infrastructure, financial issues 303 infrastructure improvements impacts on poverty reduction 47-9 multilateral initiatives 104 innovation, by employees 107 institutional and social development (ISD), South Africa 88 integrated approach 3 integrated development planning (IDP), South Africa 38, 39 integrated poverty responses 54 – 5 Argentina 58 understanding of problems 262–8 see also public–private partnerships municipal structures, organisational development 299–301 municipal systems and procedures, organisational development 289–97 municipalities administrative context 255–7 administrative leadership 283–5 attitudes 304–7 attributes 112 characteristics 69–71 constraints in partnerships 73 contract negotiations 267 contracts with private sector 187–204 economic context 239–41 employees of 105–7, 149 financial issues 301–4 human resources 259–79 leadership and management 281–9 organisational development 281–307 organisational options 180, 181 partnership framework 290–3 policy framework 241–3, 256 procedural change 289–98 reform process 33–7 role in partnerships 67–73, 116 service delivery role 67–73 systems and procedures 289–98 understanding of partnerships 263 Mvula Trust, South Africa 24, 88, 90, 93, 120, 122, 210 national private sector, service providers 27, 79–83 negative impacts, identification of 61 negotiations, contracts 267, 292, 294–5 Nepal Biratnagar 80, 216, 219, 296 bundling 183 Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) 20, 36 management and monitoring 296 municipal policy reform 36 national service provider 80 poverty diversity 56 SILT 80, 81, 216 solid waste management 80, 81, 216 unsolicited bids 216, 219 Ninham Shand 120 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) advocacy 93 gender issues 57 integrated poverty responses 54–5 key processes 52–9 key stakeholder identification 57–9 public–private partnerships 47–63 strategic approach 62 sustainable livelihoods (SL) approach 59–61 predictability, partnership principle 225 price regulation 247–9 private investment capital 152–9 private sector challenges to 87, 89 contracts 187–204 engaging with 269 international companies 75–9, 112 national businesses 27, 79–83, 112 nature and diversity 73–5 potential roles 87 small-scale and informal service providers 83–7, 112 private sector participation (PSP) benefits 23, 27 capacity building 61 concerns 27, 29, 31 costs 29, 31 definition 6 legislation 238, 245 political context 233–9, 256 poverty reduction impact 47–63 prerequisites 27 service delivery 20–31, 47–9, 73–89 privatisation, definition 6 pro-poor definition 6 private sector participation 3 service delivery 133–6 procedural change, municipalities 289–98 procurement processes 214, 292, 293–4 profits, payments based on 160, 161 public awareness 218 public investment capital 157 Public–Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) 104, 109, 315 public–private partnerships (PPPs) capacity building strategy 271–5 civil society actors 89–107 community participation 53 comparison of actors 112, 113–16 consumer role 97–103 contracts 184, 187–204 definition 6 municipal service partnerships 259–75 needs analysis 265 stakeholder consultations 269–71 strategic planning 265 supplementing 276 understanding of problems 262–3, 272 understanding of solutions 263–4, 272 skills transfer, partnership arrangements 175 slum-improvement projects 2 small-scale independent providers (SSIPs) benefits of 87 characteristics of 27, 83–7, 112 constraints on partnerships 85–7 contracts 204 regulating 252 water and sanitation services 82, 83–7 Sociedad Comercial del Plata S.A. 154 solid waste management consumers 94 contractors 162 municipal role 72 national businesses 80, 81 performance monitoring 134 private sector 75 service contracts 189 small-scale independent providers 84, 85, 86 tariffs 166, 167 unsolicited bids 216 women workers 146 South Africa affermage contracts 184, 192, 224 Amanz’abantu consortium 210 Billy Hattingh solid waste scheme 84, 135 build-operate-train-transfer (BoTT) 24, 88, 90, 120, 163, 176, 201, 210 capacity building 260–1 community shareholding 100 concessions 184, 198 Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) 102 Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme (CMIP) 38, 248 consortium for water services 210 consultants 110, 203 contract types 184 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) 210 G5 and Ondeo-Lyonnaise partnership 81 Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) water project 200 structural capacity 298 unbundling, organisational arrangements 180, 183 United Nations Development Progragramme (UNDP), Public–Private Partnerships for the Urban Environment (PPPUE) 109, 315 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 111 United Utilities 76 unsolicited bids 216, 217–19 urban governance, reform process 33–7 urban management see municipal management Vigilance Committee for Drinking Water (COVAAP), Peru 82, 96 Vivendi Water 75, 76, 122, 154 VKE Consulting Engineers 110 waste management see solid waste management Water and Sanitation Program 26, 47, 315 global initiatives 109 Water and Sanitation Program – Andean Region (WSP-AND), El Alto project 106, 109 Water and Sanitation Services South Africa (WSSA) 68, 198, 224 water services affordability 138–42, 248 concessions 154, 196, 228 consortia 81 consumers 94 cost reduction 135 international private operators 75–9 NGOs 92, 96 payment mechanisms 140–1, 142–3 performance monitoring 134 private finance 156, 158, 160 private sector participation 22, 26, 30, 75 public–private partnerships 47 regulatory bodies 254 service contracts 189 small-scale independent providers 82, 83–7, 135 tariffs 165–9, 170 see also sanitation services 276, 278, 306 municipal skills 276 political instability 233, 240 private sector participation 42, 235 response to stakeholders 306 skills development 278 stakeholder consultation 222 transparency and acountability 220 |