1 In the period April 1996-January 1997, in-house providers got 148 awards totalling about £533 million, while private firms won 142 awards totalling about £270 million. Public Enterprise, February 1997, Emap Business Communications: London. To prevent underpricing by in-house providers, there are sanctions on local authorities which lose money on such contracts.
2 Sandra Cointreau-Levine, Private Sector Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Services in Developing Countries, vol. 1, The Formal Sector, Washington, D.C.: World Bank 1994, pp. 22 and 26.
3 News Straits Times, 30 July 1996.
4 Berry, 1995, p. 1.