30 Naturally, in the early schemes there was inexperience on both sides. LEAs and contractors without recent experience of building new schools had to learn how to apply DfES guidance for the first time. An informed client is also needed to ensure design quality - the client representative who can provide this experience might come from the LEA or school staff, or both, and should have knowledge of good practice in all areas that relate to school management and pupil productivity. Usually they will have gained this knowledge via long-lasting links with specific schools. The need for independent, expert advice for clients has been identified as being vital to providing wider solutions to clients' needs (for example, Ref. 4). But such experienced individuals were thin on the ground.