We're all familiar with how taxes and fees work and don't generally question them. We pay a federal gas tax[xxvi] every time we fill up the car and a registration fee for the car. We pay our income taxes without really thinking about where the money goes and occasionally pay a "special", tax based on a ballot initiative to fund an infrastructure PPP. We're also used to paying tolls. Turnpikes and tolling systems have been in place for much of human history but gained momentum in the 1800s when by 1840, approximately 1,600 turnpike companies had been chartered.[xxvii]