[i] www.infrastructurereportcard.org by the American Society of Civil Engineers (www.asce.org), (accessed: multiple times between January and February of 2010).
[ii] public-private partnership. www.ncppp.org/howpart/index.shtml#define, (accessed:December 17, 2009).
[iii] As proposed by Grimsey and Lewis in their book Public Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance.
[iv] Marketization is when public agencies make themselves over in the image of their private counterparts-and then frequently compete with them for work.
[v] www.infrastructurereportcard.org by the American Society of Civil Engineers (www.asce.org), (accessed: multiple times between January and February of 2010).
[vi] Pages 20-21, Public Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance.
[vii] Page 23, You Don't Always Get What You Pay For: The Economics of Privatization and from "Privatization and the Federal Government: An Introduction."
[viii] Page 23-24, You Don't Always Get What You Pay For: The Economics of Privatization and from "Privatization and the Federal Government: An Introduction." Excludability means others cannot be prevented from using it. Rivalrousness means one person's use of something does not diminish another person's use of the same thing.
[ix] A lighthouse doesn't pass the test for excludability and rivalrousness in that it is difficult to keep people from viewing the light simultaneously and one person's use of the light does not diminish use by others.
[x] Page CRS-5, "Privatization and the Federal Government: An Introduction."
[xi] Public-private partnership. www.ncppp.org/howpart/index.shtml#define, (accessed: December 17, 2009).
[xii] Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc.
www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/privatize (accessed: December 14, 2009)
[xiii] Pages CRS-14 through 15, "Privatization and the Federal Government: An Introduction."
[xiv] Pages 42-46, Public Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance.
[xv] www.ncppp.org/presskit/q&a.shtml
[xvi] page 1, You Don't Always Get What You Pay For: The Economics of Privatization.
[xviii] E.S. Savas begins his book Privatization in the City with an explanation of how big-city mayors were looking to the Federal Government to "pay", them out of their problems. Coupled with the shift in economic policy accompanying the Reagan era and the rush to privatize in Great Britain and Europe, privatization through the public-private partnership began to gain traction in the US.
[xix] www.pwfinance.net/pwf_major_projects.pdf
xx Response number includes full and partially completed responses where this question was answered in its entirety.
[xxi] The areas listed for infrastructure privatization included: roads/transportation, water/utilities, K-12 schools/higher education, police/fire, community center/library, municipal garages/service centers, maintenance/operations, monetization of public assets. Respondents added the following: energy, landfills/solid waste, corrections/detention, convention centers, medical, and environmental protection.
[xxii] Sclar recommends activity-based cost accounting as a means of reviewing public costs and private costs to get more of an apples-to-apples comparison.
[xxiii] From NCPPP definition of PPP types and referencing "Public-Private Partnerships: Terms Related to Building and Facility Partnerships," Government Accounting Office, April 1999. The National Council for Public-Private Partnerships was a resource used in developing the GAO report. Full descriptions of all terms are included as Appendix B. www.ncppp.org/howpart/ppptypes.shtml (accessed: February, 19, 2010.)
[xxiv] Information excerpted from "A Survey of PPP Legislation Across the United States" by Michael E. Pikiel, Jr. and Lillian Plata of Fulbright & Jaworski, LLP for Global Infrastructure, Volume 1
[xxv] "Focus on Insurance: New Alignments, New Risks." www.construction.com. From the Association of General Contractors Constructor Magazine May-June 2009. www.constructor.construction.com/mag/2009_5-6/features/0905-60.asp (accessed on 1/22/2010).
[xxvi] The federal gas tax goes to maintain the interstate highway system as well as other transportation projects.
[xxvii] page 45, Public Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance.
[xxviii] www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/recovery-numbers (accessed: February 18, 2010).
[xxix] www.fluor.com (accessed: 2-16-2010).
[xxx] JP Morgan (www.jpmorgan.com), Morgan Stanley (www.morganstanley.com) Goldman Sachs (www.goldmansachs.com), and US Global Investors (www.usfunds.com) to name just a few.
[xxxi] reference the European Investment Bank www.eib.org (accessed: 2-11-2010) and the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ppp_index.htm from the UK (accessed: February 20, 2010).
[xxxii] www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/tifia/ (accessed May, 3, 2010).
[xxxiii] www.mckennalong.com/news-1617.html (accessed: April 19, 2010).
[xxxiv] www.partnershipsbc.ca (accessed: April 19, 2010).
[xxxv] www.un.org/partnerships/undf_news.html (accessed: April 19, 2010).
[xxxvi] page 221, Public Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance.
[xxxvii] page 223, Ibid.
[xxxviii] www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/p3/index.htm (accessed: April 19, 2010).
[xxxix] www.claretconsult.com (accessed: April 19, 2010).
[xl] www.publicinfrastructure.ca.gov (accessed: April 19, 2010).
[xli] www.esd.ny.gov/resources/sam.html (accessed: April 19, 2010).
[xlii] www.reason.org/blog/show/michigan-lege-passes-budget-ad (accessed: April 19, 2010).
[xliii] ibid.
[xliv] pages 38 through 45, "Rebuilding America: 25 New Technologies to Transform Our Crumbling Infrastructure."
[xlv] Website for greening of the Empire State Building (ESBS)
www.esbsmtainability.com/SocMe/?Id=0 (accessed: February 17, 2010).
[xlvi] www.cbpp.org, based on Congressional Budget Office numbers from 2008, (accessed: February 18, 2010).
[xlvii] (www.balfourbeatty.com) (accessed multiple times in February 2010).
[xlviii] Goldsmith, Stephen and Eggers, William D. Governing by Network: The New Shape of the Public Sector.