As reflected by the many PPP projects noted above, public agencies in England at both the national and local levels have developed significant experience in the development and management of public-private partnerships for surface transportation infrastructure, both in terms of development and maintenance. As a result a significant cottage industry of private sector providers of highway development, financing, operations, and maintenance services has developed using a variety of contracting approaches, including:
• Design-build-operate-maintain (DBOM)
• Design-build-finance-operate (DBFO)
• Design-build-operate-maintain-finance (DBOM-F) (same as DBFO in England)
• Build-operate-transfer (BOT)
• Build-transfer-operate (BTO)
Many of the concession arrangements in England extend for periods of 25-30 years.