The use of public-private partnerships to develop transportation infrastructure is more widespread in other parts of the world than in the United States. Exhibit 5.1 shows the dollar value of road, bridge, and tunnel projects funded and/or delivered as PPPs between the years 1985 and 2004 for each major region of the world.
Exhibit 5.1 Number and Value of Road-Related PPPs by Global Region18
| Region | Total Planned & Funded Since 1985 | Total Funded & Completed by 10/04 | ||||||
| # | % | $Billion | % | # | % | $Billion | % | |
| Africa | 14 | 2% | $4.8 | 1% | 7 | 2% | $3.7 | 2% |
| Asia | 137 | 21% | $83.9 | 26% | 72 | 20% | $44.5 | 28% |
| Europe | 205 | 31% | $139.1 | 43% | 91 | 25% | $58.1 | 37% |
| Latin America | 126 | 19% | $26.2 | 8% | 83 | 23% | $18.69 | 12% |
| North America | 174 | 27% | $70.8 | 22% | 106 | 30% | $32.2 | 20% |
| Total | 656 | 100% | $324.7 | 100% | 359 | 100% | $157.3 | 100% |
Exhibit 5.2 on the following page shows the further breakdown of road, bridge, and tunnel projects by global region according to type of PPP contract used to deliver the project. As indicated by this exhibit, the regions investing the most in PPP contracts to deliver road, bridge, and tunnel projects include:
• Europe
• Asia & Far East
Exhibit 5.2 also shows that the majority of PPP projects in other regions of the world use the following delivery approaches:
• Concession
• Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
• Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO)
Global statistics from the last two decades are described below regarding the use of PPPs to develop and finance the following types of road-related infrastructure19:
• Non-toll highway;
• Toll highway;
• Toll bridge;
• Toll tunnel; and
• Toll bridge/tunnel.
Non-Toll Highway Projects
• Most non-toll highway projects involving PPP arrangements for financing or delivery have been in Europe, predominantly in England, Spain, and Portugal. Many of these projects were financed by shadow tolls and involve either a DBFO or DBOM contract with terms of generally 30 years. Project costs have averaged $400 million.
• Shadow tolling appears to be declining in Europe as a basis for highway project funding, especially in Portugal and England.
• Other non-toll highway projects have been in Canada, many of which have been DB and DBFO (most involving shadow tolls of 20-30 years duration) contracts.
Toll Highway Projects
• Most toll highway projects in Europe have occurred in Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and Ireland. These have been mostly Concession and BOT/BTO contracts averaging 30 years in duration. England has only recently begun to build toll motorways, having used primarily shadow tolling for highway financing in the past. Project costs have averaged $680 million in Europe. Emerging Eastern European countries pursuing PPPs for toll highway projects include Poland and the Czech Republic.
Exhibit 5.2 Road, Bridge, and Tunnel Projects Planned or Completed by Global Region and PPP Contract Type - 1985 through 200420
| Region | Contract Type | Number | Percent | $ Billion | Percent | $B/Project |
| Africa & Middle | Concession | 1 | 8% | $0.0 | 1% | $0.039 |
| 3 | 25% | $1.6 | 33% | $0.527 | ||
| 2 | 17% | $1.5 | 32% | $0.761 | ||
| 5 | 42% | $1.5 | 31% | $0.301 | ||
| 1 | 8% | $0.2 | 3% | $0.150 | ||
| DB | 0 | 0% | $0.0 | 0% | N/A | |
| Mgt Contract | 0 | 0% | $0.0 | 0% | N/A | |
| Subtotal | 12 | 100% | $4.8 | 100% | $0.400 | |
|
| Concession | 49 | 40% | $21.8 | 26% | $0.444 |
| 5 | 4% | $9.8 | 12% | $1.956 | ||
| 2 | 2% | $0.2 | 0% | $0.078 | ||
| 61 | 50% | $34.9 | 42% | $0.572 | ||
| 1 | 1% | $0.1 | 0% | $0.143 | ||
| DB | 4 | 3% | $15.8 | 19% | $3.946 | |
| Mgt Contract | 0 | 0% | $0.0 | 0% | N/A | |
| Subtotal | 122 | 100% | $82.5 | 100% | $0.677 | |
|
| Concession | 69 | 34% | $61.7 | 45% | $0.894 |
| 45 | 22% | $18.3 | 13% | $0.407 | ||
| 26 | 13% | $14.6 | 11% | $0.563 | ||
| 53 | 26% | $31.4 | 23% | $0.592 | ||
| 1 | 0% | $0.9 | 1% | $0.936 | ||
| DB | 4 | 2% | $10.6 | 8% | $2.648 | |
| Mgt Contract | 3 | 1% | $0.9 | 1% | $0.312 | |
| Subtotal | 201 | 100% | $138.4 | 100% | $0.689 | |
| Latin America & | Concession | 45 | 44% | $11.6 | 44% | $0.257 |
| 3 | 3% | $0.7 | 3% | $0.234 | ||
| 5 | 5% | $1.7 | 7% | $0.346 | ||
| 50 | 49% | $12.4 | 47% | $0.248 | ||
| 0 | 0% | $0.0 | 0% | N/A | ||
| DB | 0 | 0% | $0.0 | 0% | N/A | |
| Mgt Contract | 0 | 0% | $0.0 | 0% | N/A | |
| Subtotal | 103 | 100% | $26.4 | 100% | $0.256 | |
|
| Concession | 81 | 50% | $29.1 | 41% | $0.359 |
| 5 | 3% | $1.1 | 2% | $0.228 | ||
| 14 | 9% | $17.6 | 25% | $1.259 | ||
| 14 | 9% | $4.3 | 6% | $0.305 | ||
| 5 | 3% | $0.7 | 1% | $0.137 | ||
| DB | 33 | 20% | $16.8 | 24% | $0.510 | |
| Mgt Contract | 9 | 6% | $0.6 | 1% | $0.066 | |
| Subtotal | 161 | 100% | $70.2 | 100% | $0.436 | |
|
| Concession | 245 | 41% | $124.2 | 39% | $0.507 |
| 61 | 10% | $31.5 | 10% | $0.516 | ||
| 49 | 8% | $35.7 | 11% | $0.728 | ||
| 183 | 31% | $84.4 | 26% | $0.461 | ||
| 8 | 1% | $1.9 | 1% | $0.239 | ||
| DB | 41 | 7% | $43.2 | 13% | $1.054 | |
| Mgt Contract | 12 | 2% | $1.5 | 0% | $0.127 | |
| Total | 599 | 100% | $322.4 | 100% | $0.538 |
• Most of the toll highway projects in Asia & Far East have been located in China, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and India. These have been mostly BOT/BTO contracts averaging 30 years in duration. There have been several Joint Development Agreement (JDA) projects in China. Project costs have averaged about $645 million in Asia & Far East.
• Most of the toll highway projects in Latin America & Caribbean have been located in Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Peru, and Argentina. These have been mostly Concession and BOT/BTO contracts averaging 25-30 years in duration. Project costs have averaged about $260 million in Latin America & Caribbean.
• The few toll highway projects in Africa & Middle East have been spread across various contract types, excluding DB and Contract Management. Most involve 30-year durations. Project costs have averaged about $475 million in Africa & Middle East. South Africa is an active new entrant to the use of PPPs for surface transportation facility delivery.
Toll Bridge Projects
• Most of the toll bridge projects in Europe have been located in England, Germany, and Ireland. These have been mostly BOT/BTO contracts averaging 30 years in duration. Project costs have averaged about $745 million in Europe.
• Most of the toll bridge projects in Asia & Far East have been located in China and South Korea. These have been mostly Concession and BOT/BTO contracts averaging 30 years in duration. There have been several Joint Development Agreement (JDA) projects and Asset Sale projects in China. Project costs have averaged about $395 million in Asia & Far East. A more recent entrant to the use of PPPs for developing toll bridges includes India.
• There have been several toll bridge projects in Latin America & Caribbean, mostly located in Brazil and Argentina. These have been BOT/BTO contracts averaging 30 years in duration. Project costs have averaged about $230 million in Latin America & Caribbean.
• Among the few toll bridge projects in Africa & Middle East, most have involved BOT/BTO and BOO contracts of 30-year average duration. Project costs have averaged $125 million in Africa & Middle East.
Toll Tunnel Projects
• Toll tunnel projects have been spread across Europe, with the largest number located in Germany and the largest tunnels between England and France and in Switzerland. These have mostly been Concession, DBOM, and BOT/BTO contracts ranging from 27 to 99 years in duration. Project costs have averaged $1.5 billion in Europe, with the Concession projects significantly larger on average than the DBOM or BOT/BTO projects.
• Most of the toll tunnel projects in Asia & Far East have been located in Hong Kong and Australia. These have mostly been BOT/BTO contracts averaging 30 years in duration. Project costs have averaged about $450 million in Asia & Far East.
• There have been two toll tunnel projects in Latin America & Caribbean. These have been DBFO and BOT/BTO contracts ranging from 23 to 30 years in duration. Project costs have averaged about $120 million in Latin America & Caribbean.
Toll Bridge & Tunnel Projects
• Europe has had one large toll bridge & tunnel project between Denmark and Sweden, delivered as a DB contract worth $2.7 billion.
• There have been two toll bridge & tunnel projects in Asia & Far East delivered as Concession and DB contracts, ranging from $100 million to $14.4 billion.
• There have been two toll bridge & tunnel projects in Latin America & Caribbean delivered as Concession and DBFO contracts in Chile, ranging from $70 million to $400 million.
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18 AECOM Consult, Inc. "Synthesis of Public-Private Partnership Projects for Roads, Bridges & Tunnels from Around the World - 1985-2004", prepared at the request of the Federal Highway Administration, August 30, 2005. Derived from Exhibit 4 on page 8.
19 AECOM Consult, Inc. "Synthesis of Public-Private Partnership Projects for Roads, Bridges & Tunnels from Around the World - 1985-2004", prepared at the request of the Federal Highway Administration, August 30, 2005. pp. 21-29.
20 AECOM Consult, Inc. "Synthesis of Public-Private Partnership Projects for Roads, Bridges & Tunnels from Around the World - 1985-2004", prepared at the request of the Federal Highway Administration, August 30, 2005. Exhibit 13 on page 20.