It is at this stage that the Contractor/Developer can contribute maximum value. Through the use of optimization, the Contractor/Developer takes a fully holistic approach which moves beyond normal value engineering and constructability review-type activities to consider the sharpening of scope definition (will the extra ramp generate an increased financial return or detract from it?). Other factors that should be considered are: 1) incorporating value-added features (flexibility, additional revenue sources), 2) closely coupling project phasing with traffic and revenue model results, and 3) comprehensively addressing life-cycle costs including O&M costs through material selection, operating parameters and maintenance and replacement program design.