In many countries around the world, PPP policies are set at the national level. In the United States, however, state governments own, operate and finance transportation assets.85 Thus, state-level policymakers decide whether and how each state will allow PPP projects, while state executive agencies such as departments of transportation often act as PPPproject sponsors. The states also have considerable authority over whether to implement tolls or congestion pric-ing.86 The federal role in the United States has thus far been limited to influencing states' use of PPPs through guidelines for federal funds and federal-aid highways, innovative financing tools, experimental pilot programs and the provision of information.87