It should be pointed out that these are the main models and there can be some variations in the models as each country adopts its own practices and devia-tions. It is also interesting to note that there are many combinations of models and all countries use more than one model. Some of the combinations are as follows and list the countries that are using that particular combination.
• Traditional; (Many USA DOTs, one third in Estonia, and partially in Victoria - Australia)
• In-House & Activity Based Model; (DDOT, FDOT, MDSHA, MNDOT, NC-DOT, VDOT)
• In-House & Partial Competitive; (Estonia & Victoria Australia)
• In-House & Salesman & Cold Climate Model (FDOT)
• In-House & Anglo-Saxon (DDOT & VDOT)
• Activity Based Model & Cold Climate Model (Holland & Ontario, Canada)
• Cold Climate Model (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Alberta, Ontario, & British Columbia, Canada, Holland, and FDOT)
• Bundling Model (Finland - New)
• Framework Model, Anglo-Saxon & Alliance Model (England)
• Anglo-Saxon Model (DDOT, VDOT, England, New Zealand's PSMC, and Western Australia)
• Activity Based, Cold Climate & Anglo-Saxon Models (New Zealand)
• Framework Model (England)
• Alliance Model (E-MAC in England)
It can be quite confusing at times as there can be so many combinations of activities and models. Some activities can be outsourced separately in some regions of the country, while some can be included into the "cold climate model" or "Anglo-Saxon model". It basically depends upon which activities the road authority desires to include and which ones can be efficiently managed by the private sector. New Zealand and England seem to have the most variations with combinations of different models. Some countries are actually at a new decision stage, and with the introduction of the "Alliance Model" there has been discussion of testing the Alliance model in Western Australia and in New Zealand. It remains to be seen if they will adopt this new model.