Quality economic growth means primarily that rapid output increases are translated into employment creation. Unfortunately, rates of unemployment have remained high (Figure 1.1), averaging 10 percent in 1990-2005 and 7.5 percent in 2006-2010, (note that the data before and after 2005 cannot be compared owing to a change in the unemployment definition adopted that year). Underemployment has also been widespread, with rates hovering at around 18-20 percent in the late 2000s. This remarkably contrasts with countries such as PR China, Malaysia, and Thailand, where unemployment has remained at 4 percent or lower over the same period.