1.8 We first look at international experiences in developing frameworks for PPPs, focusing in particular on two issues. The first is the role of cross-sectoral PPP units vis-à-vis line ministries within a given level of government. The second is the role that national government plays in overseeing or providing support to the PPP programs of sub-national governments. Although these solutions reflect country-specific conditions, they allow some general lessons to be drawn and allow an assessment of the gaps in PPP frameworks in India.
1.9 We then provide an overview of the use to date of PPPs to provide infrastructure services in India. We present the results of a survey of PPPs in 12 states and 3 central agencies/ ministries in our sectors of focus, and also examine efforts to develop PPP frameworks, particularly at the state level.
1.10 Finally, we look at what can be done to strengthen and develop capacities for PPPs in India and in particular the role of the central government. This builds upon the survey and other analyses of the experience of developing PPPs in India. We present a range of options for the role of the center, particularly where it concerns possible steps to catalyze state and municipal level PPPs, and provide an assessment of these options.