The expression 'public-private partnership' is also sometimes used for several other types of arrangements between public and private entities that contribute to public policy goals. These can include, for example:
• Information-sharing mechanisms, such as a 'public-private partnership' against healthcare fraud in the United States involving the federal government, state officials, several leading private health insurance organizations, and other health care anti-fraud groups
• Voluntary activities undertaken by private companies towards public ends and in coordination with relevant authorities, such as community health or education projects attached to major foreign direct investment projects
• Private funding of public investment projects on a philanthropic basis, which may involve some private involvement in project execution
• Jointly-run projects for research and innovation, formed to draw on skills and information in both the public and private sectors
• Government interventions to support private sector development in general, or in particular target sectors-such as providing land, assets, debt, equity or guarantees to otherwise fully private enterprises that are not involved in provision of public services.
While all types of partnership, these arrangements are very different to the contracts discussed in this PPP Reference Guide: in duration, objectives, and legal status and structure. As such, the principles, policy arrangements, and processes described in this guide are of limited relevance to these other types of public-private 'partnership'.