The following applies the classification model to a number of case studies to see how projects from different regions and sectors can be categorized in practice and how this will help compare across these different projects.
• Dhabol power generation project
• East Manila water concession
• Thames water privatization
• Santiago - Valparaiso tollroad
• Pulkovo airport
• Athens airport
• Royal Victoria Infirmary and Freeman Hospital
• TANESCO management contract
• Cartagena water project
• Southern Africa regional gas project
• São Paulo metro line 4
• Skikda desalination project
• Zagreb-Macelj tollroad
• Panagarh to Palsit tollroad
• Orlovski Tunnel concession
These are well known projects with sufficient information available publicly to permit open discussion without betraying confidentiality, and represent a cross-section of sectors and project structures.
These case studies cut across some familiar lines, in particular those that demonstrate common terminology confusion. Projects that are usually thought of as relatively standard "Build-Operate-Transfer" or "BOT" projects turn out to have different characteristics, differences that might be missed when using classical terminology. Some of these "BOT" projects are actually closer in design and commercial drivers to some arrangements often thought of as "concessions". Equally, the case studies demonstrate the significant differences between various forms of "concession", for example
• A Russian tunnel "concession" - New-Build-Finance-User-Fee
• A Greek airport "concession" - Existing-Build-Finance-User-Tariff
• A Chilean road "concession" - Existing-Refurbish-Finance-User-Tariff
• A Filipino water "concession" - Existing-Refurbish-Finance-User-Tariff
• A Brazilian Metro "concession" - New-Finance-User-Tariff
The case studies also show the important variances within sectors, and similarities between some projects in different sectors that are not often considered when analyzing the opportunity for cross-fertilization in the design of PPP projects. For example, the case studies include:
• Two hospitals, one with the project company delivering just the facilities, with the grantor providing medical services (New-Build-Finance-Bulk-Fee). The second has the project company providing all services (Existing-Build-Finance-User-Fee).
• Two power projects, one a classic IPP (New-Build-Finance-Bulk-Fee), and the other the outsourcing of management functions (Existing-User-Fee) and one gas pipeline (New-Build-Finance-Bulk-Fee).
• Four water projects, one called a concession (Existing-Refurbish-Finance-User-Tariff), one called a privatization (Existing-Finance-User-Tariff), one called a PPP project (Existing-Refurbish-Finance-User-Tariff) and one a desalination plant (New-Build-Finance-Bulk-Fee).
• Two airports, one a new build (Existing-Build-Finance-User-Tariff) and the other a refurbishment of an existing airport (Existing-Refurbish-Finance-User-Tariff), one metro (Existing-Finance-User-Tariff), and three toll roads, two toll-based refurbishments (Existing-Refurbish-Finance-User-Tariff) and the other an annuity or availability payment new build (New-Refurbish-Finance-User-Fee).
• The model also shows the structural similarities between the Manila water concession (Existing-Refurbish-Finance-User-Tariff), Thames water privatization (Existing-Finance-User-Tariff), and the Cartagena water PPP (Existing-Refurbish-Finance-User-Tariff), yet they are each known by a different name: concession, privatization and PPP respectively.