Appendix A2.2: PPPs and Sectoral Employment in Developing Asia

Variable

Employment Growth in Agriculture

Employment Growth in Industry

Employment Growth in Services

Employment Growth in Agriculture

Employment Growth in Industry

Employment growth in Services

PPP investments (% GDP)

-0.055

0.080**

0.053

 

 

 

 

(0.041)

(0.036)

(0.034)

 

 

 

PPP investments in ICT (% of GDP)

 

 

 

-0.144

-0.221

-0.222

 

 

 

 

(0.262)

(0.268)

(0.254)

PPP investments in water (% of GDP)

 

 

 

-0.155

0.055

0.190**

 

 

 

 

(0.093)

(0.095)

(0.090)

PPP investments in energy (% of GDP)

 

 

 

-0.152**

0.152**

0.022

 

 

 

 

(0.068)

(0.069)

(0.066)

PPP investments in transport (% of GDP)

 

 

 

0.336***

-0.041

-0.094

 

 

 

 

(0.089)

(0.091)

(0.086)

Real per capita GDP

-0.101

0.270**

0.157

-0.190

0.266**

0.113

 

(0.122)

(0.106)

(0.101)

(0.115)

(0.118)

(0.112)

Education expenditure (% of GDP)

-0.013

0.021

-0.013

-0.013

0.015

-0.020

 

(0.022)

(0.019)

(0.018)

(0.019)

(0.019)

(0.018)

Urban population (% of total population)

-0.005

-0.005

-0.002

-0.007

-0.002

-0.002

 

(0.007)

(0.006)

(0.005)

(0.006)

(0.006)

(0.006)

Minimum wage

0.037

-0.090***

-0.057**

0.067**

-0.088**

-0.047

 

(0.033)

(0.029)

(0.028)

(0.032)

(0.033)

(0.031)

Primary completion rate

0.464*

-0.158

-0.280

0.292

-0.183

-0.152

 

(0.253)

(0.221)

(0.210)

(0.227)

(0.233)

(0.221)

Working age population

-1.003

0.248

-1.744**

-1.205

0.071

-2.013**

 

(0.934)

(0.815)

(0.777)

(0.820)

(0.840)

(0.795)

Constant

2.771

-1.673

7.757**

4.953

-0.885

8.591**

 

(4.109)

(3.588)

(3.420)

(3.690)

(3.781)

(3.579)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Observations

85

85

85

85

85

85

R2 value

0.445

0.564

0.409

0.636

0.607

0.474

Number of countries

13

13

13

13

13

13

GDP = gross domestic product, ICT = information and communication technology, PPP = public-private partnership.

Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.

*** p<0.01 **p<0.05 * p<0.1

Source: Authors' estimates.