1. A shadow bid model is a financial model used before bidding. It estimates all project costs, including the cost of financing, and it can be used by advisors to governments to establish benchmarks.
2. The 2016 survey polled 183 institutions and received 78 responses. Institutions included guarantors (39 respondents), commercial banks (15 respondents), financial services organizations (15 respondents), and project sponsors and equipment suppliers (9 respondents).
3. ADB's country risk assessment model also gives qualitative assessments of countries' political risk on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 7 (highest).
4. Euromoney's country risk index is the weighted average of the following indicators: political risk (25%), economic performance (25%), debt indicators (10%), debt in default or rescheduled (10%), credit ratings (10%), access to bank finance (5%), access to short-term finance (5%), access to capital markets (5%), and discount on forfeiting (5%).