accountability. See transparency and accountability
accounting standards, 201-2, 202b
ADB. See Asian Development Bank
Africa, determinants of PPPs in, 140-42,
141t. See also specific countries
Akash Deep, 1
Alano, Emmanuel, 15
Allport, Roger, 54-55
arbitration, 48, 206-8, 207t, 249-51
Arellano, Manuel, 147-48, 151n4
Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, 250
Asante, Yaw, 142
Aschauer, David, 18
ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Asia and Pacific region. See also specific countries and regions
competitiveness index rating, 257, 257f
emergence of infrastructure PPPs, 16-17, 16-17f
failed PPP projects, 48-49, 48-50f
hazard ratio compared globally, 64, 64-65t
infrastructure investment gap, 15
infrastructure investments (2015), 6
labor movements from low- to high- productivity sectors, 32
PPP project performance, global comparison, 34
PPP projects, global percentage of, 3
project survival probability, 58-59, 59-60f, 61-62t, 66
rate of PPP participation, 17, 17f
sovereign risks, 5
spending requirements to maintain growth, 6
trends and distribution of PPPs, 4
Asian Bond Markets Initiative, 151, 151n7
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Asian Bond Markets Initiative, 151, 151n7
borrowing members, risk
classification of, 167-70, 168f, 169t, 184n3
credit-enhancement tools of, 174, 175t on impact of PPPs on economic growth, 193
Independent Evaluation Department
survey on risk perceptions, 168, 168t, 184n2
infrastructure gap in Asia, 15
political risk insurance from, 273
Project Development and Monitoring Fund (PDMF), 306
Public-Private Partnerships defined by, 2
on success factors for PPPs, 52
tariff reform and, 247
on value-for-money, 198
on welfare benefits of infrastructure, 197
Asian financial crisis (1997)
decline in infrastructure investments during, 191
inflation during, 55
mismatch in maturity and currency during, 150
PPP promotion following, 215, 225
tariff increases resulting from, 249
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 209
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 255, 275
Australia
Agency for International
Development, 306
infrastructure and institution scores in, 257f