Cambodia
global competitiveness index rating, 257, 257f, 272t
implementation stage of, 269, 270t
infrastructure and institution scores, 257f
policy recommendations for, 283-84
Campos, Javier, 192
Canada, PPP market maturity in, 94
canceled PPP projects. See failed PPP projects
Canning, David, 18
capital, cost of, 139, 172, 180-82
capital requirements
for syndicate loans, 115
Carrillo, Patricia, 54
Central Asia, rate of PPP participation in, 17, 17f. See also specific countries
Cerra, Valerie, 24
Checherita, Cristina D., 63
Chen, Chuan, 54
Chile, unsolicited project proposals in, 202, 203t
China. See People's Republic of China
Chong, Alberto, 19
communication technology sectors. See information and communication technology sectors
comparative proposals, 294
comparative review of PPP systems, 11, 287-322
comparative analysis, 308-11
government support for PPPs, 299-307, 300-301f, 303-4t, 306f
legal and regulatory frameworks, 288-90
PPP institutional frameworks, 296-99, 297-99t
project implementation processes, 290-96, 293t, 294-95f
competition for contracts
construction costs, 230
Indonesia, 296
Philippines, 293-94
procurement procedures as bottlenecks to, 54
project survival rates and, 59, 60f, 61t, 62
unsolicited project proposals and, 203, 292
conflict management, 242. See also dispute resolution
construction investors, 223-30, 224t, 229t, 231n3
construction subsidies, 300, 310
contingent government support, 307, 317
contracts for PPPs
bank project financing and, 82, 95
bidding. See bidding
breach of, 47, 169, 174, 175t, 179
competition for. See competition for contracts
complexity of, 205-6
credit risks and, 81-82
dispute resolution. See dispute resolution
economic growth facilitation through, 20
management readiness for, 26, 26f
payment obligation guarantees, 172-73
performance obligations in, 3, 19-20, 77
as regulatory agencies, 239, 246
renegotiation of, 66, 236, 251
risk allocation strategies in, 20
risk management and, 53
risk mitigation for, 167-87. See also risk mitigation and sovereign guarantees
risk perception of investors, 168-69, 168t
Southeast Asia, 269
special purpose vehicles (SPVs) and, 139
syndicated loans and, 110, 114
termination of, 47, 66, 251, 302
corporate project finance, 81, 119, 138, 148 corruption
investment climate, effect on, 173
as measure of political stability, 56
as obstacle to PPPs, 5, 52, 53, 261
opposition to PPPs because of, 308
PPP investment and GDP growth, 27, 28t
success factors for PPPs and, 64, 67
cost sharing, 304
country risk
bank lending, influence on, 87
cross-country analysis of, 143
risk mitigation and sovereign
guarantees, 167-71, 168t, 169f, 171t, 173, 184nn3-4
court adjudication, dispute resolution and, 206, 207t, 208
credit default swaps, 123, 128, 129
credit enhancement
A1 bonds for, 179
Kenya, 177
to lower cost of capital, 282
from MDBs, 8, 168, 171, 173-74, 177, 182-83
Philippines, 304-5
project bond financing and, 8
as risk mitigation tool, 81
credit guarantees, 172, 174, 302
credit ratings, 8, 87, 122, 126, 169-71, 173
credit risk, 111, 112, 115, 129, 167-70
credit supply, 79-80, 95, 97nn1-2
cross-border projects, 273
cross-ownership, 239
currency inconvertibility, 172
currency revenues, 169