East Asia. See also specific countries
competitiveness index rating, 257, 257f
distribution of PPPs in Asia, 4
rate of PPP participation in, 17, 17f
EBRD. See European Bank for Reconstruction and Development economic growth. See also gross domestic product
determinants of, 22-23
infrastructure investment and, 18, 21, 32
long-term, 18
PPP investments and, 149, 191, 192-99, 193f, 194-99t, 255
project finance and, 118
sovereign creditworthiness based on, 170
survival of PPP projects and, 63
economic regulations, 233, 235, 240, 252
economic shocks, 79-80. See also Asian financial crisis; global financial crisis
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Infrascope (2014), 4, 53, 264, 287
education, 1, 217, 275-76, 277f
efficiency improvements in infrastructure, 227, 235, 247
electricity sector
access to and quality of infrastructure for, 30-32t
comparative review of, 314-15
intermittent or lack of access to, 1, 33 as pro-poor, 277
renewable energy projects, 21, 227
emerging economies. See also specific countries
financing for infrastructure in, 150
government participation in financing infrastructure, 139
infrastructure benefits, 3
PPP infrastructure investment in, 144-45, 144-45f, 146t
unsolicited project proposals in, 202, 203t
empirical evidence and channels for effectiveness, 9, 15-45
data and empirical approach, 22-24
economic growth and, 18-19
emergence of infrastructure PPPs and, 16-17, 16-17f
growth determinants, 22-23
infrastructure access and quality, 29-32, 30-32t
macroeconomic impact and poverty reduction, 24
macroeconomy and, 19-20
policy recommendations, 33-34
variables, definitions, and data
employment from delivery of PPP projects, 24, 32 labor
movements from low- to high- productivity sectors, 32
quality of infrastructure and, 21
transportation infrastructure and, 18-19
energy sectors. See also electricity sector
bank project financing for, 84, 84t
comparative review of, 314-15
failed PPP projects in, 49, 49f
Kenya, PPP risk mitigation case study, 176-78, 177f
maturity of, 17
as pro-poor, 277
risk allocation in, 173
Southeast Asian projects for, 258
Esty, Benjamin C., 111, 114, 118, 119, 120, 123, 130n4
Ethiopia, determinants of PPPs in, 141t, 142
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 179
Europe and European Union. See also specific countries
budgeting and accounting rules in, 202b
PPP procurement regulations in, 237
Project Bond Initiative, 151
European Investment Bank, 151, 179, 202b
European PPP Expertise Centre, 202b