Salzmann, Astrid Juliane, 55
Samii, Ramina, 52
sanitation. See water and sanitation sectors
Scharfstein, David S., 81
Scharle, Peter, 53
Schomaker, Rahel, 20
securitization, 148
Seethepalli, Kalpana, 18
service fees. See user fees services sectors, 142-43, 314-15
Setboonsarng, Sununtar, 18
sewage. See water and sanitation sectors
shadow bid financial models, 168, 180, 184n1
Sharma, Chandan, 142
Shibata, Akihisa, 18
Simons, Katerina, 111, 115, 125
Singapore
currency bond markets in, 263, 264t
global competitiveness index rating, 256, 257f, 272t
implementation stage of, 269, 270t
infrastructure and institution scores, 257f
infrastructure development in, 256
PPP to total infrastructure investment ratios in, 40t
public funds and institutions, 256
transportation sector in, 274
social infrastructure
case study on, 179
comparative review of, 314-16
for poverty reduction, 3
procurement procedures for, 217
Southeast Asia, 258, 275-76, 277f, 281f
welfare effect of PPPs and, 197
social regulations, 235
solicited projects
Indonesia, 294-95, 295f, 309, 319
Philippines, 292-93, 293t, 294f, 309, 319
project hazard rates of, 59, 62
Republic of Korea, 288, 290-91, 309, 319
unsolicited projects vs., 203
Solvency II, 94
South Asia. See also specific countries
distribution of PPPs in Asia, 4
rate of PPP participation in, 17, 17f
Southeast Asia, 10-11, 255-85. See also specific countries
approaches to PPPs in, 269-75, 270t, 272t
ASEAN Connectivity 2025, support for, 275
case study on water sector in, 279-81
distribution of PPPs in Asia, 4
infrastructure development in, 256-58, 257f, 259t
infrastructure gap in, 264-68
infrastructure industry in, 262-64, 263f, 264t
institutional and legal framework in, 261-62
institutionalizing PPPs in, 259-61
policy recommendations for, 282-84
PPP spending as percentage of GDP, 258, 259t
pro-poor PPPs in, 276-79, 277f
rate of PPP participation in, 17, 17f
risk management and support in, 273
social infrastructure PPPs in, 275-76, 277f, 281f
success of PPP projects in, 260
sovereign counter indemnity, 180-82
sovereign default risks, 88, 92
sovereign guarantees. See risk mitigation and sovereign guarantees
sovereign partial risk guarantees, 174-83, 176-78f, 181-82f
sovereign risks, 5, 8, 167-71, 171t
sovereign wealth funds, 15, 21
special purpose vehicles (SPVs), 138-39, 216-17, 222 stakeholders
dispute resolution and. See dispute resolution
diversity of, 272-73
engagement strategies for, 51, 308
incentives for, 77
opportunistic behavior of, 235-36
project risk and, 53, 95, 130, 230
project success and, 308
pro-poor projects and, 278
Standard & Poor's (S&P), 122, 126, 167, 169f, 170-71, 173, 185
Standard Chartered Bank PLC, 85
Steffanoni, Alessandro, 81, 87
Straub, Stéphane, 18
subnational governments. See local governments
subsidies
for poverty and poverty reduction, 248, 279
subsovereign borrowers, 168-69, 168t
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group Inc., 85
survival time estimation, 57-59, 59-60f, 66
syndicated loans for project financing, 10, 109-35
data description, 120
description and data sources for, 99t
descriptive statistics for mature markets, 100t
empirical estimates, 123-29, 124t, 127-28t, 131-32
empirical model for, 120
factors affecting, 112-18
literature review on, 111-19
methodology and data for, 120-23
motivations for use, 118-19
policy implications for, 129-30