As this was the first PPP of this nature that the Procuring Authority had completed in recent times, the Procuring Authority had limited experience in managing this type of contract. Furthermore, the most recent introduction of a new train fleet prior to this project was in the early 2000s. As a result, there was a lack of expertise early on, and so this had to be developed and brought in. The Procuring Authority has since focussed on project management and assurance, with gradual improvements in commercial expertise, procurement and contract management.