The second major issue observed is related to the institutional structure for processing these projects from conception through development, appraisal, approval, and procurement stages. In most of the projects examined, there are no separate institutional structures or differentiation in hierarchical levels of government used for approvals-in practice there are, in fact, additional levels of approvals added due to the subnational nature of these projects. Where the institutional structure does discriminate based on size or other attributes, either the cap used for defining small projects is too low as in the case of tourism projects in South Africa or as in the case of the national government in India, which does discriminate between projects based on total value, the policy is not fully relevant to projects at subnational levels where such discrimination is less frequently seen.