Box 2: Summary of Methods for Integrating Gender Equality into Design, Delivery, Performance Monitoring or Evaluation of Projects

a. Methods to Prepare the Appropriate Gender Analysis for a Project

i. Gender Analysis: a socio-economic analysis of gender relations that provides information about the different conditions of women and men, and the different effects that projects may have on them.

ii. Gender-Sensitive Stakeholder Consultations: public meetings held with women and men directly affected by an infrastructure project. In contexts where socio-cultural norms prevent women from voicing opinions in front of men, or where women are mostly confined to households, it is important to conduct consultations separately with men and women.

iii. Sex-Disaggregated Data: data collected and tabulated separately for women and men. This allows for the measurement of differences between women and men on various social and economic dimensions related to a project.

b. Methods to include targeted gender actions in project design, results and operations:

i. Gender Action Plan (GAP): lays out the goals and activities of the project related to closing the gaps in outcomes for both women and men. These activities could be a part of the core development, building and operations of a project, or they could be part of the social engagement angle of the project, designed to provide the fullest benefit to the community.

ii. Allocate Resources: Dedicated budget line items for gender-related activities and analyses. Without appropriate resources, gender analyses and project-related activities designed to help limit risks to women and men or promote equitable opportunities cannot proceed.

iii. Mechanisms to Ensure Gender Analyses and Stakeholder Consultations are Reflected in Project Design, Results and Operations: e.g., through targeted gender activities, gender-responsive design and technical specifications, or including a gender-related project objective.

c. Methods and Tools for Gender-Sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation:

i. Gender Indicators: established to measure and compare the situation of women and men over time. Can be quantitative (based on statistics broken down by sex) or qualitative (based on women's and men's experiences, attitudes, opinions and feelings).

ii. Gender Monitoring: a systematic and objective assessment of the design and planning (objectives, results pursued, activities planned), and the implementation and results of an ongoing project from a gender perspective. This considers information and data collected during different planning and implementation phases, as well as other knowledge and sources.

iii. Gender Impact Assessment: an ex-ante evaluation, analysis or assessment of a project to estimate whether the project had a positive, negative or neutral consequence for the state of equality between women and men.

Sources: Making Infrastructure Work for Women and Men: A Review of World Bank Group Infrastructure Projects 2005-2009, World Bank, 2012, and European Institute for Gender Equality

Box 3: How Does Gender Analysis Help Inform Infrastructure Projects?

• Identifying gender-specific priorities, needs and usage of infrastructure

• Designing facilities and services which are responsive to users' needs, by differentiating those needs based on gender and other social factors

• Identifying specific target groups by more accurately understanding who is "poor" or most "needy"

• Understanding and addressing the differential impacts on women, men, girls and boys

• Understanding and addressing the socio-economic situation and cultural contexts

• Identifying the potential problems in access to and use of infrastructure which can arise from existing or traditional land usage or water rights

• Challenging assumptions and stereotypes

• Understanding the constraints and barriers to women and men's participation in project activities and access to benefits

• Designing strategies to enhance positive outcomes and remedial measures to address negative impacts

Source: Excerpt from Why Gender Matters for Infrastructure, prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee's Network on Gender Equality, October 2004.

Box 4: A Checklist for Gender-Sensitive Stakeholder Consultations

□ Include an equal split of men and women from different age groups, in surveys, interviews, meetings and consultations, and disaggregate data;

□ Include female members in survey teams, community liaison staff (who can, for example, conduct discussions, interviews or receive grievances from women) or work through women's organizations;

□ Ensure representation and presence of women from different socioeconomic groups and women's rights organizations in all meetings and consultations;

□ Ensure that meetings and consultations are organized at a time when women find it convenient to attend, so that maximum participation can be ensured; consider offering childcare during meetings;

□ Consider separate meetings and consultations for women; and

□ Raise priority issues for women.

Sources: Stakeholder Engagement-A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets, IFC, 2007; Gender Checklist Resettlement, ADB, 2003.

Box 5: Sex-Disaggregated Data: A Minimum Standard for Planning, Implementing, Monitoring and Evaluating All Types of Development Initiatives

"Disaggregating information by sex means that we count males and females separately when gathering information on development activities and benefits. Sex-disaggregated data is important because it helps assess whether an initiative is successful at targeting and benefiting women, men, girls, and boys as planned. Indicators should specify that all data about target groups and beneficiaries will be sex-disaggregated. Information may also be disaggregated according to other key variables, depending on the type of initiative, target group, and con-text-such as socioeconomic group, age, ethnicity, race, religion, or location (rural or urban)."

Source: Toolkit on Gender Equality - Results and Indicators, ADB and Australian Aid, 2013.

Tips for Collecting Sex-Disaggregated Data

• Collect information about both men and women. Ask questions about specific individuals or groups and identify them by sex.

• Collect information from men and women. This does not necessarily require interviewing men and women in the same household. Studies that fail to include male and female respondents will be subject to biases; the extent of the bias will depend on the knowledge and perceptions of the respondent(s).

• All data collection methods must be context specific. Questions must be adapted to the context. Those collecting and analyzing the data need to understand gender roles and social dynamics. This knowledge must also guide the settings for interviews or focus groups.

• Budget for the additional costs of collecting sex-disaggregated data.

• Work with a gender equality expert early in the process to define the research question and methodology.

• Researchers collecting data from human subjects must ensure that the participants have completed a confidentiality and consent agreement. While these requirements are important for all research, they are essential for gender analyses that address sensitive topics such as asset ownership and domestic violence.

• Comparing male and female headed households is not gender analysis. Differences between these diverse household types cannot necessarily be attributed to the sex of the household head.

Source: Doss, Cheryl and Kieran, Caitlin, Standards for Collecting Sex-Disaggregated Data for

Box 6: Gender Analysis Methods Helped Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project Planners Reduce Resettlement Burdens on Women and Promote Economic Empowerment

Gender Analysis, 2014.The Nam Theun 2 (NT2) hydropower dam, procured under a 25-year build, own, operate and transfer (BOOT) type PPP, was a landmark project for the government of Laos PDR. Building it required relocating more than 6,000 people from 17 villages on the country's Nakai Plateau. The area, historically marked by poverty and low capacities, was not in a great position to absorb the stresses associated with resettlement.

In low-capacity contexts, resettlement can greatly upset normal functioning of affected populations and exacerbate existing gender inequalities, unless properly understood, addressed and managed. Challenges such as lack of formal land ownership means women can fail to benefit equally from resettlement compensation mechanisms, or their generally more restricted mobility can limit their capacity to adjust to new circumstances once resettled.14 For these reasons, when resettlement occurs, it is important to analyze and understand how the process will affect the population, including the different impacts on women and men.

In preparing for the NT2 resettlement process and planning the social mitigation programs, project planners adhered to World Bank Resettlement Guidelines15 and the Equator Principles.16 A gender analysis found that women and girls, particularly those from marginalized ethnic groups or disadvantaged households, stood to lose the most from the resettlement process.17

The project's social and environmental studies, enshrined in parts 1-4 of Schedule 4 of the Concession Agreement (CA) stipulated that "the Company (Nam Theun 2 Power Company) agrees under the CA to comply with and implement at its own cost those of the Environmental and Social Objectives set out in Schedule 4, which are expressed to be the activities and obligations for which it is responsible…"18 The Gender Resettlement Strategy,19 which formed part of the CA's environmental and social objectives, included the following key aims:

1. Collect sex disaggregated data

2. Set gender balance targets for community supported activities

3. Open leadership opportunities for women villagers

4. Monitor gender concerns, especially about women's labor burdens

5. Increase access to family planning and health care

6. Increase women and girl's access to education and literacy

7. Improve clean water access

8. Improve transport

9. Set up savings and loans group

By and large, the gender actions related to resettlement were successful.20 Resettled populations benefitted from health improvements to reduce issues prevalent to the local community, such as maternal and infant mortality. Steps were taken to improve women's and girls' levels of education and literacy. All new assets were jointly issued in the name of husbands and wives; and to receive new assets, women and men had to be present. There were also training work-shops to explain the importance of joint titling. Women also benefitted from access to: child-care facilities during resettlement; savings and loans schemes; and assets such as push carts and clean water to reduce their work burdens.21

Box 7: The Possibility of Land Allocations during Resettlement to close Gender Gaps

Gender disparities in land access remain high the world over, regardless of the region's level of development.22 This is unfortunate, because studies show that women's ownership of land can be potentially transformative, not only as a store of value, but as a means of acquiring other assets and engaging in other business.23 Infrastructure projects requiring resettlement, such as Nam Theun 2, offer an opportunity for project planners to help close the gender gap in property ownership through joint titling of new land. When the process is done properly, it can help accrue the following benefits to women:

• Removing barriers to women's ownership and control of assets: Land can serve as collateral for credit and a savings for the future.24

• Enhancing women's voice and agency:

o Land can become a social asset crucial for cultural identity, political power and participation in decision making.

o Land rights for women can help reduce domestic violence-evidence shows that women's land rights reduce domestic violence, and women who own land are more capable of exiting violent relationships and negotiating safe sex.25

Box 8: Two World Bank Transport Projects Move from Analysis to Action to Ensure that Gender Concerns are Considered, and Gaps Reduced Gaps

Women included in rural road maintenance in World-Bank-supported Peru Decentralized Rural Road Project (World Bank Project, P095570): Women living in rural Peru have less economic and decision-making opportunities than their male counterparts. This stems from their lower education levels, as well as the society's more conservative vision of gender roles in rural areas.26 For this reason, the World Bank's Peru Decentralized Rural Road Project, the third project in a series of rural transport projects designed to improve and maintain rural roads, developed a GAP. The GAP included measures to enhance women's participation in income-generating activities in the project's affected areas. The GAP helped ensure that women could contribute to the project's microenterprise-based road maintenance model, which aimed to generate employment for poor men and women from the rural communities living alongside the rehabilitated roads, and thus ensure benefits from improved access. Promoting women's employment in this model was achieved through a target for women's employment, inclusive hiring practices and outreach efforts. The more inclusive hiring practices meant that projects prioritized hiring from female-headed households, reducing the weight given to education level in determining membership, recognizing previous experience in specific tasks needed for road maintenance rather than in actual road building, and classifying women's management of households as managerial experience. Furthermore, the Rural Roads Committees, charged with contracting out the maintenance services and overseeing the work, were at least 20 percent women. Women also benefitted from the project's Local Development Window, which aimed to accelerate the emergence of productive activities alongside improved roads. 27

Metro Manila BRT Line 1 Project listened to women and responded to their needs (World Bank Project, P132401): Women account for 55 percent of public-transport users in Metro Manila and experience a unique set of challenges. The project's social-impact assessment, which included gender-sensitive stakeholder consultations, revealed key gender concerns, for example: (a) physical harassment possibly due to overloading; (b) inadequate safety and security; (c) difficulty in traveling with children and luggage; (d) the need for a payment scheme to allow for multiple trips; (f) difficulty in boarding and alighting; (g) women employees poorly represented in the public-transport sector, where drivers and conductors are predominantly men. These concerns were integrated into the project through gender-sensitive design features: (a) sufficient space for passengers and cargo; (b) upgraded sidewalks and walking facilities, well-lit stations and surveillance equipment installed on buses and at stations; (c) bus rapid transit (BRT) system designed for ease of boarding and alighting, with buses and the stations at the same level; and (d) a project policy environment that promotes equal-employment opportunities for women in the BRT system. The project's results framework includes specific gender-disaggregated indicators.28

Box 9: Tips to Keep in Mind when Developing Gender-Sensitive Indicators Gaps

1. Identify gender issues within a specific context of the program or activity.

2. Formulate measures that demonstrate the mitigation/removal of gender-based constraints or the change in the relationship or roles of women and men, girls and boys over time.

3. Establish realistic targets that aim to advance gender equality. Separate targets for males and females and by relevant age groups. Check assumptions: Would an intervention targeted to vulnerable children and families benefit all families equally? Instead of "Increase vulnerable children and family income by 25 percent," consider "Increase child-headed households' income by 25 percent." It's also important to track girl-headed households and boy-headed households separately.

4. Clarify where more information is needed, and determine how this information can be obtained. Have you conducted a gender analysis, or interviewed women and men, girls and boys?

5. Indicators should capture quality, not just quantity. Avoid counting bodies-capture true participation and decision-making power. Gender-sensitive indicators aim to assess increases in access and equality. For example, when measuring impact and increases in equality, the quality of jobs newly available to women is more important than the number employed.

6. Aim to measure changes in the levels of inequality. Measure proportions instead of numbers; compare proportions of males and females. Compare proportions over time to the proportions expected (if available).

Source: Gender Considerations in Monitoring and Evaluation, USAID, 2018; https://www.usaidassist.org/resources/ gender-considerations-monitoring-and-evaluation

Box 10: Monitoring and Evaluation of the Resettlement Associated with the Nam Theun 2 Project

As mentioned in Box 6, the Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project evaluated the impacts of the resettlement process on women and men, identifying that women stood to be most affected. As a result, the project company had a "Gender Strategy for Resettlement." The website of the project company, Nam Theun 2 Power Company, includes an impact evaluation of the gender components of the project-Andrea Lea Esser's Evaluation of the Government of Lao PDR's and NTPC's Concession Agreement Obligations Related to Gender for the Nam Theun 2 Project-which systematically reviews the project's gender equality obligations. It includes recommendations such as working on increasing school enrollment for girls in specific project-affected villages and developing mechanisms to overcome family violence.30 The evaluation's annex provides an overview of the strategic action plan (such as a gender action plan) of the project.

This evaluation document, when read with other NT2 project-related documents, is a useful example of how gender considerations can be included in a project throughout the analysis, action, monitoring and evaluation framework.