In monitoring and evaluation processes, there are three major approaches commonly done. One is when the processes are carried out by an internal government agency such as Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Public Administration, or National Planning Agency. Economies implementing this mechanism are Chinese Taipei, Malaysia, Mexico, Brunei Darussalam, and Singapore.
Another approach involves a PPP Center. Economies applying this approach are Papua New Guinea and the Philippines. PPP Center in Papua New Guinea directly monitors project adherence to PPP process and identify any need for revisions, while in the Philippines every concerned agency submits the status of each PPP project to PPP Center to be reported annually to the President and the Congress.
Lastly, monitoring and evaluation might involve a third party acting as a neutral observer and is engaged by a mutual agreement from both public and private entity. This approach is used in Canada and Peru.
Monitoring and evaluation might also be carried out based on respective contracts, such as done in Japan.