A further trend of note, discussed in chapter 8, relates to the restructuring of PPPs to be more focused on the requirements of low-income consumers. When a primary goal of developing countries is improved access to infrastructure (as a driver of economic growth) and when a predominant characteristic of these countries is a high incidence of poverty, developing strategies that fit the goal of universal service with the reality of poverty is sensible.
A concrete example of this shift has been the growing incorporation of output-based aid (OBA) strategies to transaction design. OBA strategies design the complementary use of donor and government financing to target social priorities specifically within the framework of a PPP transaction.