A4.3 PPPs can be included as an option in long-list appraisal (set out in Chapter 4) alongside delivery alternatives such as direct public provision, outsourcing, market creation, not-for-profit solutions, changes to regulation, the use of nudge techniques and grant giving. The choice for how an option is delivered should be closely linked to the nature of the intervention and some interventions will be more amenable to PPP options than others.